Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We investigated the effect of long-term treatment of essential tremor (ET) with flunarizine (Fz) (10 mg/day) in 17 subjects who had a favorable response to 1 month of treatment. Side effects (dystonia, parkinsonism, weight gain and depression) occurred in 29.4% (5/17) of patients, leading to drug discontinuation. Fz was still effective at the end of 30 months of treatment in 41% (7/17) of patients. Loss of efficacy was observed in 29.4% (5/17) of patients. It is concluded that Fz is an alternative for long-term treatment of patients with ET; however, loss of efficacy and side effects are common.
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PMID:Long-term therapy of essential tremor with flunarizine. 767 82

The ability to communicate is a basic need. Spasmodic dysphonia, a rare dystonia focal to the larynx, affects the vocal muscles resulting in abnormal sound and speech production. The voice may become hoarse, strained, strangled, tremulous, whispered, or aphonic. Lack of appropriate diagnosis along with the continued use of an abnormal voice often results in frustration, anxiety, and depression. Improved diagnostic ability and unique treatment with botulinum toxin injection (Botox) are now available to patients in several large medical centers across the United States and Canada. A knowledgeable and observant health care provider can alert patients and families to the possibility of treatment for a chronic voice disturbance.
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PMID:Spasmodic dysphonia: new diagnosis and treatment opportunities. 781 74

The behavioural and movement disorders reported in 240 patients described in the literature with lesions affecting the caudate nucleus, putamen and the globus pallidus (lentiform nucleus) have been analysed. Reports were classified into two groups: small or isolated lesions involving the said nuclei alone; and large lesions with additional involvement of the adjacent internal capsule and/or periventricular white matter. Amongst the 240 cases, dystonia was the most frequent movement disorder recorded (36%); chorea (8%) and parkinsonism (6%) or dystonia-parkinsonism (3%) were uncommon. The commonest behavioural disturbance was the syndrome of abulia (apathy with loss of initiative and of spontaneous thought and emotional responses) (13%); disinhibition was rare (4%). Confusion usually was associated with intracerebral haemorrhage and depression was a relatively non-specific finding. Aphasia was extremely rare with lesions confined to these basal ganglia structures. Lesions of the caudate nucleus rarely caused motor disorders but were more likely to cause behavioural problems. Chorea has been described in only 6% of those with caudate lesions, and dystonia in only 9%. The most significant behavioural disturbance described in 28% of those with caudate lesions was the syndrome of abulia, sometimes alternating with disinhibition (11%). Lesions of the lentiform nuclei rarely caused abulia (10%) and did not produce disinhibition, but they commonly caused dystonia (49%), particularly when the putamen was involved (63%). Bilateral lesions of the lentiform nuclei, either of the globus pallidus or of the putamen, caused parkinsonism (19%) or dystonia-parkinsonism (6%) infrequently. The prominence of the behavioural disturbance of abulia with caudate lesions emphasizes the more complex cognitive role of this basal ganglia structure. The frequent occurrence of dystonia and less commonly of parkinsonism with lentiform lesions emphasize the motor roles of putamen and globus pallidus.
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PMID:The behavioural and motor consequences of focal lesions of the basal ganglia in man. 792 71

We describe three cases of extrapyramidal reactions apparently caused by epidural administration of droperidol. These patients suffered from chronic pain and was treated with epidural lidocaine and droperidol. Two patients received continuous administration of droperidol, and experienced acute dystonia and another after a single dose, developed akathisia. Adverse reactions occurred at 15, 20 and 24 hours after the administration of droperidol. The first patient received droperidol 6 mg, the second 8.5 mg and the third 5 mg. We consider that extrapyramidal reactions are due to overdoses because the patients who had been given less than 2.5 mg of droperidol a day, showed no adverse reaction. Although we use higher doses with NLA or for management of fever than with epidural administration of droperidol, we seldom encounter cases of side effects with droperidol. Epidurally administrated droperidol spreads rostral within the neuraxis and causes delayed extrapyramidal reactions as epidural morphine develops delayed respiratory depression. We must be careful in caring patients suffering from chronic pain with continuous epidural administration of droperidol.
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PMID:[Problems of epidural droperidol administration]. 793 12

Two cases of basal ganglia calcification involving the globus pallidus are presented. Both patients had cognitive dysfunction, temporal lobe-like symptoms (including amnestic state, perceptual distortions, or complex visual hallucinations), and myoclonus. Patient 1 manifested depression, auditory hallucinations, anxiety, paranoia, and postural tremor; patient 2 manifested multifocal dystonia with dystonic tremor. These cases supplement other reports of psychotic features and dementia associated with pallidal pathology. Additionally, the phenomena encountered in these cases are considered in light of recent advances in our understanding of basal ganglia functional pathways. These cases afford a potential pathophysiological window to the possible role of the globus pallidus in these neuropsychiatric conditions. In concert with other recent findings, these cases suggest specific pathway involvement in hallucinations, paranoia, depression, myoclonus, and dystonia. Further research will indicate if these pathways play a role in schizophrenia, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders.
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PMID:Neuropsychiatric disorders, myoclonus, and dystonia in calcification of basal ganglia pathways. 801 2

Parkinsonism is an uncommon movement disorder in childhood. Six unusual cases of acquired parkinsonism in hospitalized children are described. Clinical manifestations included an akinetic-rigid syndrome with and without tremor, the combination of parkinsonism and dystonia, and a parkinsonism-plus syndrome. Altered mental status, mutism, dysphagia, and sialorrhea were frequent associations. Etiologies included hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy; haloperidol treatment with and without neuroleptic malignant syndrome; toxicity of cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, amphotericin B, and methotrexate; St. Louis encephalitis and other encephalitides; and a pineal tumor with hydrocephalus. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging results ranged from normal to profound cerebral and cerebellar atrophy with chemotherapeutic toxicity. The illnesses usually were severe enough to require pharmacotherapy. Incorrect diagnoses of depression or catatonia delayed treatment or aggravated the problem. Acute treatment included amantadine, levodopa/carbidopa with or without selegiline, diphenhydramine, or benztropine. The concentration of CSF homovanillic acid was normal in a neuroleptic-associated patient, but the level was low in an encephalitic patient. All patients demonstrated dramatic improvement, including two who were not treated; some had complete resolution of symptoms and none required continued antiparkinsonian drugs despite poor scores on the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale and the Modified Hoehn and Yahr Rating Scales. The causes of parkinsonism described are more common in a general pediatric hospital than the parkinsonism associated with the popularized Segawa syndrome.
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PMID:Clinical spectrum of secondary parkinsonism in childhood: a reversible disorder. 802 61

Clinico-neurophysiological study of the functional state of the nervous system was performed for persons who participated in elimination of the Chernobyl accident consequences in 1986, as well as for persons working in the 30 km zone. Mean age of the persons was 41. Vegetative dystonia syndrome was diagnosticated in 50% of examined subjects. The increased perception and pain thresholds, as well as the thresholds' asymmetry were determined in 30% of patients. The conduction velocity of sensory and motor nerves, as well as the neuromuscular transmission were normal. No substantial changes in parameters of the soleus H- and M-responses were detected. A decreased amplitude and increased latency of the evoked skin sympathetic potential were found indicating a decreased tone of the adrenergic sympathetic vasoconstrictors and cholinergic sudomotor fibres, that may be one of the pathogenic mechanisms of the sensory, vegetotrophovascular disorders for these subjects. Decreased activity of the sympathetic autonomic system causes permanent course of the vegetative dystonia syndrome and more seldom the parasympathetic autonomic paroxysms. A decreased tone of the sympathetic autonomic system may be due to the monoaminergic neuromediation inhibition (decreased noradrenaline and dopamine excretion for the same subjects), that can induce psychoemotional disorders, depression and sleep-wakeness cycle disorders.
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PMID:[Some indicators of nervous system function in people exposed to harmful conditions of the Chernobyl accident]. 804 11

We report a 68 year old man with a 7 year history of Parkinson's disease (PD) who obtained little benefit from treatment by dopaminergic and anticholinergic agents. During the six months prior to presentation, he experienced more rapid deterioration in symptoms including memory functions, increasing depression, and dystonia of the foot. External application of picoTesla range magnetic fields (MF) resulted in rapid attenuation of tremor and foot dystonia with improvements in gait, postural reflexes, mood, anxiety, cognitive, and autonomic functions. Plasma prolactin and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels rose three days after initiation of treatment. In addition, distinct electroencephalographic (EEG) changes were recorded nine days after two treatments with MF and included enhancement of alpha and beta activities as well as resolution of the theta activity. These findings demonstrate, for the first time, objective EEG changes in response to picoTesla range MF in PD. Since the pineal gland is a magnetosensor and as some of the clinical effects produced by MF such as relaxation, sleepiness, mood elevation, increased dreaming, and enhancement of alpha and beta activities in the EEG have also been noted in healthy subjects administered melatonin, we propose that the clinical effects as well as the EEG changes noted after treatment with MF were mediated by the pineal gland which previously has been implicated in the pathophysiology of PD.
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PMID:The effects of external picoTesla range magnetic fields on the EEG in Parkinson's disease. 808 28

Patients with cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration (CBGD) display prominent rigidity and apraxia, exhibit an asymmetric onset of symptoms, and may show other symptoms including abnormal saccadic eye movements, the "alien limb" sign, limb dystonia, and myoclonus. We compared the neuropsychological test performances of 21 CBGD patients with 21 Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients displaying no extrapyramidal symptoms and with 12 ADA patients who did show such symptoms. Groups were matched for age, educational level, and overall severity of dementia. Since the cognitive deficit was mild in most CBGD patients, most AD patients included in this study were also only mildly demented. The CBGD patients performed significantly better than the AD patients on test of immediate and delayed recall of verbal material; whereas the AD patients (with or without extrapyramidal symptoms) performed better on tests of praxis, finger tapping speed, and motor programming. The CBGD and AD groups all displayed prominent deficits on tests of sustained attention/mental control and verbal fluency, and exhibited mild deficits on confrontation naming. The CBGD patients endorsed significantly more depressive symptoms on the Geriatric Depression Scale.
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PMID:Neuropsychological functioning in cortical-basal ganglionic degeneration: Differentiation from Alzheimer's disease. 861 72

A total of 35 patients with neurocirculatory dystonia (NCD) presenting with a syndrome of early repolarization of ventricles (SERV), who comprised the principal group, were studied for an effect of the syndrome under conditions of the bicycle ergometer [correction of veloergometer] exercise test on EKG as well as on the indices for physical performance. The results obtained were compared to those in 32 NCD cases without SERV signs (control group) and 20 essentially healthy subjects. NCD SERV cases, while in bicycle ergometry [correction of veloergometry], developed depression up to the isometric line of the elevated St-segment, and in a portion of cases it was 0.5--1 mm under the isoline with subsequent restoration of EKG findings to the baseline level after the cessation of the test. SERV occurrence in NCD patients did not influence exercise tolerance, increments of heart rate, arterial blood pressure and indices for "double product" under bicycle ergometric [correction of veloergometric] testing. Pattern of changes in the above indices depended, for the most part, on the condition of the baseline vegetative tone.
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PMID:[The physical work capacity of patients with neurocirculatory dystonia and the early ventricular repolarization syndrome]. 863 Aug 16


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