Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Animal data indicate that serotonin (5-HT) is a major neurotransmitter involved in the control of numerous central nervous system functions including mood, aggression, pain, anxiety, sleep, memory, eating behavior, addictive behavior, temperature control, endocrine regulation, and motor behavior. Moreover, there is evidence that abnormalities of 5-HT functions are related to the pathophysiology of diverse neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, tardive dyskinesia, akathisia, dystonia, Huntington's disease, familial tremor, restless legs syndrome, myoclonus, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, multiple sclerosis, sleep disorders, and dementia. The psychiatric disorders of schizophrenia, mania, depression, aggressive and self-injurious behavior, obsessive compulsive disorder, seasonal affective disorder, substance abuse, hypersexuality, anxiety disorders, bulimia, childhood hyperactivity, and behavioral disorders in geriatric patients have been linked to impaired central 5-HT functions. Tryptophan, the natural amino acid precursor in 5-HT biosynthesis, increases 5-HT synthesis in the brain and, therefore, may stimulate 5-HT release and function. Since it is a natural constituent of the diet, tryptophan should have low toxicity and produce few side effects. Based on these advantages, dietary tryptophan supplementation has been used in the management of neuropsychiatric disorders with variable success. This review summarizes current clinical use of tryptophan supplementation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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PMID:L-tryptophan in neuropsychiatric disorders: a review. 130 30

Although essential blepharospasm is considered to be a form of focal dystonia, many patients with blepharospasm have been noted to have concomitant depression, anxiety, phobias, hypochondriasis, and other emotional and behavioral disorders, suggesting a psychiatric component to the disease that is phenomenologically similar to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in terms of the repetitive, perseverative, and persistent nature of the symptoms. The Maudsley OCD questionnaire was administered to 21 patients with blepharospasm and 19 normal controls. The blepharospasm patients scored significantly higher than the controls (p less than .01). Although preliminary, the current study does support at least a phenomenological link between OCD and blepharospasm.
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PMID:Blepharospasm and obsessive-compulsive disorder. 173 75

The diagnostic potentialities of the unique procedure of transesophageal cardiac pacing (TECP) exercise test were examined. The accelerated one-stage TECP test was started just at a rate equal to the heart rate submaximal for a patient's age, and continued up to 1 min. The test was considered to be positive with horizontal or obliquely descending ST segment depression greater than or equal to 2 mm. The procedure was used to examine 116 patients: 75 with coronary heart disease and 41 with neurocirculatory dystonia. A high (93 versus 84%) diagnostic sensitivity was displayed by the proposed modified exercise test versus the graded test. Noteworthy, it is possible to substantially reduce the duration of exercise test (1 min versus 5-7 min of the graded test). The accelerated TECP test is safe for patients, easy-to-use and fails to cause any complications.
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PMID:[Accelerated exercise test for the evaluation of transesophageal cardiac pacing]. 180 60

Meige's disease is a form of focal dystonia characterized by symmetric dystonic spasms of facial muscles, sometimes associated with dystonic movements of other midline muscle groups. The etiology and pathophysiology of the disease have not been established. There is evidence that Meige's disease may result from striatal dopaminergic preponderance coupled with cholinergic overactivity. Several authors have noted a high prevalence of depression in patients with Meige's disease, suggesting a common neurochemical abnormality. Depression, in turn, is associated with decreased pineal melatonin secretion. We propose, based on studies demonstrating that melatonin regulates dopaminergic, cholinergic and GABA-ergic functions, that alterations in melatonin functions may enhance the development of the disease. This hypothesis may open new avenues toward understanding the pathophysiology of the disease and developing newer therapeutic strategies.
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PMID:Melatonin secretion and the pathophysiology of Meige's disease (idiopathic orofacial dystonia): a hypothesis. 197 65

Nineteen cases are described, including 12 cases from three different families and 7 nonfamilial cases, in which multisystem neurological disease was associated with acanthocytosis in peripheral blood and normal plasma lipoproteins. Mild acanthocytosis can easily be overlooked, and scanning electron microscopy may be helpful. Some neurologically asymptomatic relatives with significant acanthocytosis were identified during family screening, including some who were clinically affected. The mean age of onset was 32 (range 8-62) yrs and the clinical course was usually progressive but there was marked phenotypic variation. Cognitive impairment, psychiatric features and organic personality change occurred in over half the cases, and more than one-third had seizures. Orofaciolingual involuntary movements and pseudobulbar disturbance commonly caused dysphagia and dysarthria that was sometimes severe, but biting of the lips or tongue was rarely seen. Chorea was seen in almost all symptomatic cases but dystonia, tics, involuntary vocalizations and akinetic-rigid features also occurred. Two cases had no movement disorder at all. Computerized tomography often demonstrated cerebral atrophy. Caudate atrophy was seen less commonly, and nonspecific focal and symmetric signal abnormalities from the caudate or lentiform nuclei were seen by magnetic resonance imaging in 3 out of 4 cases. Depression or absence of tendon reflexes was noted in 13 cases and neurophysiological abnormalities often indicated an axonal neuropathy. Sural nerve biopsies from 3 cases showed evidence of a chronic axonal neuropathy with prominent regenerative activity, predominantly affecting the large diameter myelinated fibres. Serum creatine kinase activity was increased in 11 cases but without clinical evidence of a myopathy. Postmortem neuropathological examination in 1 case revealed extensive neuronal loss and gliosis affecting the corpus striatum, pallidum, and the substantia nigra, especially the pars reticulata. The cerebral cortex appeared spared and the spinal cord showed no evidence of anterior horn cell loss. Two examples of the McLeod phenotype, an X-linked abnormality of expression of Kell blood group antigens, were identified in a single family and included 1 female. The genetics of neuroacanthocytosis are unclear and probably heterogeneous, but the available pedigree data and the association with the McLeod phenotype suggest that there may be a locus for this disorder on the short arm of the X chromosome.
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PMID:Neuroacanthocytosis. A clinical, haematological and pathological study of 19 cases. 199 79

The purpose of this study was to determine if patients with focal hand dystonia have any significant psychopathology. We studied 20 patients with hand cramps who were participating in a therapeutic trial of botulinum toxin injections. Patients were interviewed and administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Beck Depression Inventory, Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale, a finger tapping test, and a choice serial reaction time test. Behavioral ratings were also obtained. Group statistics indicated that all personality scale scores and performances on motor tasks were within normal limits. Four out of 20 patients demonstrated mild depression. Trait anxiety scores were higher than state anxiety scores, suggesting that receiving medical treatment had a beneficial effect on mood. The number of depressive symptoms endorsed on the MMPI was correlated with reaction time speed but not finger dexterity. None of the 20 patients reported a remarkable psychiatric history. These results indicate that hand cramps are not associated with serious psychopathology.
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PMID:Is focal hand dystonia associated with psychopathology? 200 19

Blepharospasm is a relatively frequent cranial dystonia which may be seen either alone or related to orofacial-mandibular dystonia (Meige's syndrome). In its maximum degree it can cause functional blindness.Twelve patients with blepharospasm (4 essential and 8 Meige's syndrome) who had been previously treated unsuccessfully with drugs (trihexyphenidyl, biperiden, carbamazepine, lithium, baclofen, lisuride, imipramine, clonazepam and butyrophenones) were treated for 12 months with periocular injections of botulinum toxin (BOTOX). A "low" dose of 12,5 U per eye was employed. With this dose, eleven out of twelve patients experienced significant improvement which lasted from five to fifteen weeks. The only nonresponder obtained complete relief upon duplicating the dose. The only side effect was uni or bilateral ptosis in six patients which improved completely in seven to twenty one days. One patient developed a peripheral facial palsy with complete remission in nineteen days. No systemic side effects were noted. There was only one desertion from this study due to depression enhanced by prolonged (21 days) ptosis. All patients (including the deserter) agreed that treatment with BOTOX provided more relief than any other previous therapeutic method. Our results confirm those obtained by others but a more prolonged study is needed to better evaluate long term effects.
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PMID:[Treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum toxin]. 210 46

The study was undertaken to examine 35 patients with chronic coronary heart disease and 20 patients with neurocirculatory dystonia concurrent with the cardialgic syndrome, the latter were enrolled into a control group. Detection of sigma R in the standard leads of resting ECG and at the peak of atrial pacing made it possible to single out groups of chronic coronary heart disease patients, which differed in clinical manifestations of the disease, myocardial contractility, hemodynamics, and myocardial lactate extraction. In patients with chronic coronary heart disease ti is recommended to use ECG measurements (sigma R and nST) in the standard leads during loading tests to give a comprehensive characterization of the pump function and the severity of myocardial ischemia, the prognosis of the natural history of the disease and risk for myocardial infarction. To enhance the sensitivity and specificity of loading tests, it is recommended to take into account higher sigma R in combination with ST segment depression when the results of the tests are assessed.
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PMID:[Diagnostic and prognostic value of quantitative indicators of 12 ECG leads in ischemic heart disease]. 223 66

A total of 230 patients with neurocirculatory dystonia (NCD) were investigated. Different mental disorders associated with the atherogenic nature of dyslipoproteinemia were revealed in the majority of patients using the clinical scale and MMPI test. Psychotropic agents used for a period of 2-4 mos improved the mental status of these patients, increased exercise tolerance, and decreased blood levels of free fatty acids (FFA). A course of exercise training (graded walking) for 4-6 mos. helped to enhance exercise tolerance, to lower the blood levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, FFA, the total fraction of low- and very low-density lipoproteins, to reduce manifestations of hypochondriasis, depression, and neurasthenia . The results obtained can be used for developing programs of NCD patients' rehabilitation.
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PMID:[Possibilities of correction of mental disorders and dyslipoproteinemia in patients with neurocirculatory asthenia]. 229 Mar 25

The movement disorder investigated in these studies has some features in common with human idiopathic dystonia, and information obtained in these studies may be of potential clinical benefit. The present experimental results indicated that peptidergic stimulation of the LC resulted in a NE-mediated inhibition of cerebellar Purkinje cells located at terminals of the ceruleo-cerebellar pathway. However, it is not certain as to the following: (a) what receptors were stimulated by the ACTH N-terminal fragments at the LC that resulted in this disorder; (b) whether NE, released onto Purkinje cell synapses located at terminals of the ceruleo-cerebellar pathway, did indeed cause the long-term depression at Purkinje cell synapses (previously described by others) that resulted in the long duration of the movement disorder; (c) whether the inhibition of inhibitory Purkinje cells resulted in disinhibition or increased excitability of the unilateral cerebellar fastigial or interpositus nuclei, the output targets of the Purkinje cell axons, that may have been an important contributing factor to this disorder. These questions are currently being investigated.
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PMID:A dystonia-like syndrome after neuropeptide (MSH/ACTH) stimulation of the rat locus ceruleus. 284 Aug 7


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