Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Trazodone's unique chemical structure reflects its distinct pharmacologic profile. Its antidepressant efficacy is postulated to occur through serotonin reuptake inhibition. It has little effect on other neurotransmitter systems. In the United States it has been studied in several double-blind trials which compared it to standard antidepressants and placebo. Both in- and outpatients spanning a spectrum of age and diagnoses have been studied. Trazodone has been shown to be at least as effective as standard antidepressants. There are few anticholinergic or cardiovascular side effects. Adverse reactions include drowsiness, dizziness, headache, nausea and rarely, priapism. It is relatively safe in overdose. Trazodone deserves special consideration in the treatment of patients with depression accompanied by marked agitation, anxiety, and insomnia, as well as those unable to tolerate anticholinergic side effects.
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PMID:Overview of USA controlled trials of trazodone in clinical depression. 313 15

Paroxetine is a new antidepressant drug with potent serotonin (5HT) uptake inhibitory properties. In this double-blind comparative study, the antidepressant effect of paroxetine and amitriptyline has been compared in 44 patients with depressive illnesses of an endogenous nature. Each drug was given for 6 weeks. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale was used to measure the antidepressant effect. Reported events were assessed applying a 22-item check list. Non-parametric statistical analyses were applied in the evaluation of treatment outcome for the 30 patients who completed the study. The results showed no significant differences in overall antidepressant efficacy between paroxetine and amitriptyline and that paroxetine displayed significantly fewer instances of dry mouth and orthostatic dizziness than amitriptyline. No obvious relationship was demonstrated between the plasma levels of the drugs and their clinical effects.
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PMID:Paroxetine in the treatment of depression--a randomized comparison with amitriptyline. 315 96

In 72 outpatients with DSM-III major depressive episode, adinazolam was superior to placebo in all measurements. Significantly more adinazolam-treated subjects (N = 36) than placebo subjects (N = 36) completed the study (67% vs. 19%), were rated "much" or "very much" improved (78% vs. 19%), and had a "moderate" or "marked" therapeutic effect of the drug (67% vs. 19%). The total Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression score decreased by 50% or more in 61% of the adinazolam group and in 17% of the placebo group; 72% of the adinazolam group reported that they felt "moderately," "much," or "very much" improved compared with 17% of the placebo group. The adinazolam group reported significantly more drowsiness and lightheadedness, dizziness, or faintness; the severity of these side effects decreased with time. No significant anticholinergic effects were observed.
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PMID:Adinazolam mesylate and placebo in depressed outpatients: a 6-week, double-blind comparison. 328 30

In an open, clinical trial comprising a total of 49 depressed in-patients, a new selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor citalopram was administered by intravenous infusion in doses of 20-60 mg once daily for per 3 weeks. The therapeutic effect was assessed globally and by means of the CPRS subscale for depression (MADRS). About 40 per cent of the patients showed a complete response whereas about 25 per cent showed a partial response. Side effects which were rated globally and recorded according to a check-list were generally mild and infrequent. The side-effects most frequently observed were tremor, drowsiness, and dizziness which occurred in about 15 per cent of the patients.' Three patients were withdrawn prematurely because of nausea and one because of a skin rash. Cardiovascular recordings were normal except for one patient, who developed a hypertension which may have been related to the test drug. No pathological laboratory values were detected during the trial period. The authors conclude that intravenously administered citalopram is well suited for the treatment of depressed patients.
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PMID:[Citalopram. An open study of a highly selective serotonin-uptake inhibitor administered by infusion to depressive patients]. 331 9

Increasing recognition of the importance of calcium in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has stimulated research into the use of calcium channel blocking agents for treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. The favorable efficacy and tolerability profiles of these agents make them attractive therapeutic modalities. Clinical applications of calcium channel blockers parallel their tissue selectivity. In contrast to verapamil and diltiazem, which are roughly equipotent in their actions on the heart and vascular smooth muscle, the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are a group of potent peripheral vasodilator agents that exert minimal electrophysiologic effects on cardiac nodal or conduction tissue. As the first dihydropyridine available for use in the United States, nifedipine controls angina and hypertension with minimal depression of cardiac function. Additional members of this group of calcium channel blockers have been studied for a variety of indications for which they may offer advantages over current therapy. Once or twice daily dosage possible with nitrendipine and nisoldipine offers a convenient administration schedule, which encourages patient compliance in long-term therapy of hypertension. The coronary vasodilating properties of nisoldipine have led to the investigation of this agent for use in angina. Selectivity for the cerebrovascular bed makes nimodipine potentially useful in the treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage, migraine headache, dementia, and stroke. In general, the dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers are usually well tolerated, with headache, facial flushing, palpitations, edema, nausea, anorexia, and dizziness being the more common adverse effects.
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PMID:Differential effects of 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers: therapeutic implications. 332 59

Seventy-four patients with chest pain and no prior history of organic heart disease were interviewed with a structured psychiatric interview immediately after coronary arteriography. The majority of patients with both negative and positive coronary angiographies had undergone previous exercise tolerance tests, but the patients with angiographic coronary artery disease were significantly more likely to have had positive results on a treadmill test. Patients with chest pain and negative coronary arteriograms were significantly younger; more likely to be female; more apt to have a higher number of autonomic symptoms (tachycardia, dyspnea, dizziness, and paresthesias) associated with chest pain, and more likely to describe atypical chest pain. Patients with chest pain and normal coronary arteriographic results also had significantly higher psychologic scores on indices of anxiety and depression and were significantly more likely to meet criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, third edition, for panic disorder (43 percent versus 6.5 percent), major depression (36 percent versus 4 percent), and two or more phobias (36 percent versus 15 percent) than were patients with chest pain and a coronary arteriography study demonstrating coronary artery stenosis.
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PMID:Chest pain: relationship of psychiatric illness to coronary arteriographic results. 333 15

Minor head injury is frequently followed by a subjective postconcussion syndrome. Brain-stem auditory evoked responses (BAER's) were found to be pathological in different small series of patients with a postconcussion syndrome who were examined months after sustaining a slight cranial or cervical trauma; abnormal BAER's have also been reported in larger groups of patients examined early after minor head injury. A relationship between these findings and late subjective symptoms has never been demonstrated. The results of a prospective study into the value of BAER's in the prognosis of a postconcussion syndrome after minor head injury are presented. In 103 patients with minor head injury, BAER's were recorded within 48 hours of the trauma. One year later, the patients were examined for headache, dizziness, depression, anxiety, subjective loss of memory and concentration, and irritability. Eighty percent claimed at least one symptom, most often irritability (54%), memory loss (47%), or depression (39%). Pathological BAER's were found with the same prevalence in patients with and without a postconcussion syndrome. This study confirms the disturbance of brain-stem function in some head-injured patients. However, the lack of correlation with a postconcussion syndrome limits the prognostic value of BAER recordings for postconcussion syndrome. The data suggest that BAER's not be used for medicolegal evaluation of patients with a postconcussion syndrome.
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PMID:Prognostic value of auditory brain-stem responses for late postconcussion symptoms following minor head injury. 335 34

Personal anecdotes suggest that ascent to high altitude can cause mood changes such as depression, apathy, and drowsiness. Observed behaviors at high altitude indicate that people can become more euphoric, irritable, or argumentative. Since there are few systematic and quantitative studies assessing the effects of altitude on mood, this study compared moods measured at two different altitudes and times of day (morning-evening) using a standardized scale. Self-rated moods were determined twice daily in 19 males and 16 females with the Clyde Mood Scale. Baseline values were determined at 200 m; moods were then assessed at 4300 m with one group and at 1600 m with a second group. Friendliness, clear thinking, dizziness, sleepiness, and unhappiness were affected at 4300 m but only sleepiness changed at 1600 m. At 4300 m, the altered moods differed from baseline on the day of arrival (1-4 hours), differed even more after one day (18-28 hours), and returned to baseline by day 2 (42-52 hours). Morning and evening values were similar at each altitude. Therefore, changes in mood states at altitude have a distinct and measurable time course.
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PMID:Mood states at 1600 and 4300 meters terrestrial altitude. 339 Jan 10

Formaldehyde is but one of many chemicals capable of causing the tight building syndrome or environmentally induced illness (EI). The spectrum of symptoms it may induce includes attacks of headache, flushing, laryngitis, dizziness, nausea, extreme weakness, arthralgia, unwarranted depression, dysphonia, exhaustion, inability to think clearly, arrhythmia or muscle spasms. The nonspecificity of such symptoms can baffle physicians from many specialties. Presented herein is a simple office method for demonstrating that formaldehyde is among the etiologic agents triggering these symptoms. The very symptoms that patients complain of can be provoked within minutes, and subsequently abolished, with an intradermal injection of the appropriate strength of formaldehyde. This injection aids in convincing the patient of the cause of the symptoms so he can initiate measures to bring his disease under control.
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PMID:Diagnosing the tight building syndrome. 344 98

The diagnostic and prognostic significance of somatic manifestations in various depressive conditions is discussed with special reference to the somatic complaints in masked depression. The experience presented is based on 788 depressive patients studied in three different psychiatric services of a Greek rural district--an inpatient, an outpatient and a mobile unit service. Headache was found to be on top of the symptom checklist in both outpatient and mobile unit population. Musculoskeletal complaints and dizziness had also a high incidence and to a lesser degree gastrointestinal, cardiovascular and genitourinary symptoms. Though the incidence of all other somatic complaints increased with age and was higher in inpatients, headache was a prominent symptom in younger patients, too, and in outpatients, proving to be also an early diagnostic phenomenon for an underlying depression. The mental health mobile unit saw the greatest percentage of neurotic depressives, who also presented the highest incidence of headache (62.63%). The efficacy of that service for tracing such cases and the need for cooperation with the primary health care for better preventive measures are stressed.
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PMID:Somatic manifestations of depressive patients in different psychiatric settings. 344 69


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