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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Red deer calves dying at 24 to 72 hours old were infected with cryptosporidia. The clinical signs were extreme depression and weakness, but they did not consistently have diarrhoea. One calf was severely uraemic, and evidence from subsequent cases suggested that cryptosporidium infection in very young red deer calves may result in terminal uraemia. The possibility of intrauterine infection is considered. The factors which could have predisposed to the outbreak of infection were investigated; the calves were deficient in vitamin E despite having received adequate colostrum.
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PMID:Cryptosporidiosis in newborn red deer (Cervus elaphus). 156 43

Diabetic neuropathic cachexia is characterized by neuropathic pain and severe weight loss of unknown aetiology. We describe four patients with diabetic neuropathic cachexia who were found to have malabsorption. Four diabetic patients presented with neuropathic pain, anorexia, depression and weight loss of 16 (range 10-21) kg. None complained of diarrhoea. There were three males and one female, median age 54 (46-67) years. A butterfat test showed a serum turbidity difference of 9 (6-10) light scattering units (normal greater than 60 units). The median serum xylose was low and there was delayed urinary xylose excretion. Urinary indicans, small bowel histology, liver function tests, and thyroid and renal function were normal. Ultrasound scans of liver, gall bladder and pancreas, and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatogram were normal. The patients were treated with pancreatic supplements and a high calorie diet. Three have completely recovered and the other patient is improving. Thus these cases of diabetic neuropathic cachexia appeared to be associated with malabsorption which may be due to pancreatic dysfunction. It is suggested that the management of diabetic neuropathic cachexia should include the investigation and treatment of malabsorption.
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PMID:Diabetic neuropathic cachexia associated with malabsorption. 156 56

The fecal osmotic gap is considered to be useful in the investigation of chronic diarrhea. However, two important questions regarding the calculation of the osmotic gap remain unanswered: the effect of the method of measuring osmolality and the most appropriate means for its calculation. In 41 patients with varying causes of diarrhea, stool osmolalities and electrolyte concentrations were measured. Measurement of stool osmolality by a dew point technique underestimated results by a variable factor, which makes it an inappropriate method. Fecal osmolality measured by freezing point depression gave reliable results and so was considered to be preferable. The osmotic gap was calculated by two methods: subtraction of the calculated osmolality from (1) stool osmolality and (2) plasma osmolality. The former approach was found to be inappropriate on the basis of large variations in results when consecutive stool samples were analyzed, a poor correlation with the severity of osmotic diarrhea, poor resolution between results from patients with secretory diarrhea and those with osmotic diarrhea, and practical difficulties in ensuring adequate collection of stool samples.
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PMID:The fecal osmotic gap: technical aspects regarding its calculation. 158 85

Recombinant bovine interleukin-2 (rBoIL-2) was administered as a single intramuscular bolus to healthy calves to determine the minimal dose capable of exerting a biological response. Doses ranging from 2.5 to 0.05 micrograms rBoIL-2/kg did not induce pyrexia, diarrhea, or depression, nor did they alter any blood chemistry or hematological parameters commonly associated with IL-2 toxicity. Moreover, the only significant immunological change observed was a reduction in the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes identified with the monoclonal antibodies B7A, BAQ4A (WC1+ cells), CACTB6A (WC2+ cells) and DH59B (monocytes). The decrease in cells associated with these markers did not influence non-MHC restricted cytotoxicity or in vitro lymphocyte proliferative responses to mitogens and IL-2. The treatments had no effect on delayed type hypersensitivity responses to phytohemagglutinin. These results indicate that IL-2 may be involved in the regulation of trafficking patterns of a unique subpopulation of lymphocytes in cattle.
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PMID:Clinical and immunological effects of single bolus administration of recombinant interleukin-2 in cattle. 158 89

Over a 4-mo period 23 of 28 white-tailed deer kept at a small zoo in New Jersey (USA) died. Clinical signs prior to death were minimal and consisted of depression, central nervous system disorders, and watery diarrhea in a few animals only. Histopathology revealed widespread acute vascular lesions, ranging from modest accumulations of blast-like mononuclear cells and edema in the adventitia through to disruption of the tunica media and thrombosis. These vascular lesions were seen in a variety of organs but were most prominent in lung, heart, liver and intestine. Severe vascular changes were associated with necrosis. Lymphoreticular hyperplasia was evident in the lymphoid tissue of all animals.
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PMID:An epizootic of malignant catarrhal fever in a large captive herd of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). 160 86

Hypovolemic hyponatremia attributable to severe fluid and electrolyte alterations was diagnosed in a foal with diarrhea. Subsequent consumption of water resulted in rapid reduction of serum sodium concentration and serum osmolar depression. Clinical signs of neurologic disease developed including blindness, loss of menace response, and seizures. Treatment of this condition with IV administered fluids included hypertonic saline solution (7.2%; 2 ml/kg of body weight), and frequent monitoring of serum electrolyte concentrations and osmolality resulted in gradual correction of the fluid and electrolyte imbalance and resolution of the neurologic signs. Hyponatremia has been recognized in foals with renal failure, ruptured urinary bladder, and iatrogenic water overload. The key to diagnosis and management of profound hyponatremia is accurate diagnosis of the status of plasma volume and association of the electrolyte imbalance with clinical signs of neurologic disease. This report describes an unusual complication of a commonly encountered problem in equine practice and documents that the severe metabolic and electrolyte abnormalities associated with diarrhea can result in clinical neurologic disease. The differential diagnosis also should include bacterial sepsis, parasitism, thoracic mass, acute renal failure, congenital neurologic deficit, or seizure syndrome. Serum electrolyte disorders should be considered as a potential cause of signs of neurologic disease in foals with diarrhea.
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PMID:Hypovolemic hyponatremia and signs of neurologic disease associated with diarrhea in a foal. 160 18

Monensin, lasalocid, salinomycin, narasin and maduramicin are carboxylic ionophores intended for use as anticoccidial drugs for poultry and as growth promotants for ruminants. Generally, ionophores have been found safe and effective in the target animals receiving recommended dosage levels. However, toxic syndromes can result from overdosage and misuse situations. More information and reports of adverse reactions are available for monensin than the other ionophores because of monensin's longstanding and widespread use in the poultry and livestock industries. Care must be exercised in the diagnosis of ionophore toxicoses since clinical signs and lesions are not pathognomic. However, a feed-related problem characterized clinically by anorexia, diarrhea, dyspnea, ataxia, depression, recumbency and death, and pathologically by focal degenerative cardiomyopathy, skeletal muscle necrosis, and congestive heart failure may warrant a presumptive diagnosis of ionophore toxicity. Confirmatory diagnosis will require considerations of differential diagnoses and laboratory assays to determine the specific ionophore involved. Presently, there is no antidote or treatment for toxicoses induced by the ionophores. Judicious use, avoidance of overdosing, and adherence to species recommendation will help prevent the occurrence of adverse effects associated with this class of compounds.
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PMID:The veterinary importance of the toxic syndrome induced by ionophores. 162 67

Cattle were immunized with glycoprotein IV (gIV) from bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1). Groups of five animals were then given either 2, 3, 4, or 5 doses of interleukin-2 (IL-2) (0.5 microgram/kg) at 12-hr intervals. Animals that received no IL-2 exhibited specific immune responses that are typical for BHV-1 infection, i.e. enhanced specific cytotoxicity, lymphocyte proliferative responses to gIV, and increased gIV-specific (ELISA) and virus-neutralizing antibodies. Treatment of animals with five doses of IL-2 significantly augmented all of these responses except serum neutralization (P less than 0.05). Furthermore, the dose of IL-2 that was selected did not induce any non-specific responses, i.e. hypergamma-globulinaemia, changes in blood chemistry, increased lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity, changes in mitogen responsiveness or alterations in the phenotypic profile of circulating lymphocytes. Nor were there any clinical changes associated with IL-2 therapy (e.g. depression, pyrexia, diarrhea). Animals that were treated with less than five doses of IL-2 also exhibited elevated immune responses, but they were not significantly different from untreated immunized controls. Interestingly, animals given five doses of IL-2 responded to minor contaminants present in the gIV preparation. This allows speculation that this dose regimen of IL-2 is not only a potent adjuvant for conventional vaccine immunizing doses, but will also allow the use of minute quantities of antigen for immunization.
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PMID:Immunopotentiation of bovine herpes virus subunit vaccination by interleukin-2. 166 77

Acrylonitrile (VCN) is an aliphatic nitrile which is used extensively in manufacturing of synthetic fibers, plastics, and rubber. Although the neurotoxicity of VCN is recognized, no thorough characterization of this effect has been reported. Current studies were designed to quantitatively characterize the acute phase of VCN-induced cholinomimetic neurotoxicity, and to determine the effects of dose, route of administration, and atropine on such toxicity. Administration of a single gavage or subcutaneous doses of 20, 40, or 80 mg VCN/kg to male Sprague-Dawley rats causes two distinctive phases of acute neurotoxic effects. Signs observed in the early phase had a rapid onset, and were cholinomimetic in nature. They included salivation, lacrimation, chromodacryorrhea, polyuria, miosis, vasodilatation in face, ears and extremities, increased gastric secretion, and diarrhea. A late phase developed hours after VCN dosing, and the toxic signs included depression, convulsions, and respiratory failure followed by death at high doses. These results revealed that the cholinomimetic toxicity induced by VCN was dose related regardless of the route of administration. In another study, rats were pretreated with atropine (1 mg/kg, IP) prior to VCN (40 mg/kg) in order to investigate the role of the cholinergic system. Atropine protected rats against VCN-induced cholinomimetic neurotoxicity, suggesting possible involvement of the cholinergic system. Finally, this work provides essential basic information for studying the biochemical, pharmacological, and neurological basis of VCN-induced neurotoxicity in the rat.
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PMID:Assessment of the acute acrylonitrile-induced neurotoxicity in rats. 175 2

In the late 1970s, a new infectious disease in horses, involving acute enteritis, was recognised in the Potomac River area of Maryland, U.S.A. The causative agent was identified subsequently as a new species of rickettsial organism, later named Ehrlichia risticii. Since then, the disease has been reported in many other states, and in enzootic areas vaccination is common. Signs associated with the clinical disease included depression, fever, anorexia, decreased or absent intestinal sounds, profuse watery diarrhoea and laminitis. However, considerable variation in clinical manifestations has been reported in both the natural and experimental disease. Accurate diagnosis depends on serological testing; currently, the immunofluorescent antibody test (IFA) is used widely, although an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has been developed recently. Mortality in untreated cases is 15 to 35 per cent. Antibiotics of the tetracycline series have shown activity against the organism in vitro, in an in vivo murine model and appear to be useful in clinical cases.
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PMID:Equine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Potomac horse fever): a review. 177 55


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