Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study sought to determine whether rats, treated neonatally with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT), have an increased sensitivity to the respiratory and cough-depressant effects induced by dihydrocodeine. The serotonin (5-HT) levels in the whole brain of 5,7-DHT-treated rats were reduced to 19% of the corresponding control values. The 5,7-DHT-treated rats were supersensitive to the depression in frequency of respiration and cough reflex produced by i.p. administration of dihydrocodeine. The increased sensitivity to dihydrocodeine in terms of the depression of frequency of respiration and the cough reflex in 5,7-DHT-treated rats could possibly have been due to changes in the sensitivity of serotonergic receptors.
 ...
PMID:Supersensitivity of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-treated rats to the respiratory depressant and antitussive effects of dihydrocodeine. 318 Dec 91

Experimental and clinical experience with compounds containing antimony have shown that the trivalent compounds are generally more toxic than the pentavalent ones. APT can cause severe pain and tissue necrosis and is therefore not given by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. APT has the actions and uses of AST, but it is less soluble and more irritating than the sodium salt which is therefore more suitable for intravenous use. Trivalent antimony compounds are toxic when used topically. Adverse effects are similar for all trivalent compounds, and include nausea, vomiting, weakness and myalgia, abdominal colic, diarrhoea, and skin rashes, including pustular eruptions. Hypersensitivity reactions also occur. Respiratory symptoms include cough, dyspnoea, and chronic lung changes. Cardiotoxicity is the most important and may produce arrhythmias, myocardial depression and damage, Stokes-Adams attacks, heart failure, and cardiac arrest. Hepatic damage and necrosis, as well as blood dyscrasias, may occur. Toxic effects on the kidney may follow chronic use. Continuous treatment with small doses of antimony may give rise to symptoms of subacute poisoning, similar to those of chronic arsenic poisoning, due to accumulation of antimony in the body, especially if trivalent compounds are used, because of their long biological half-lives. Reproductive disorders and chromosome damage have been reported; antimony compounds are, therefore, potentially toxic to reproduction and have mutagenic, and oncogenic potential. Antimony compounds should, therefore, not be used during pregnancy or in the presence of hepatic, renal, or heart disease. Pentavalent antimony preparations especially the organic compounds, together with non-metallic synthetic preparations, such as the diamidines, have now replaced APT for use in leishmaniasis. Because of the toxicity of antimony compounds, investigations have been undertaken to reduce their adverse effects by combining them with chelating agents. These preparations appear to have reduced the toxic effects of antimony without affecting the efficacy of the preparations. Liposome-encapsulated antimony products have, more recently, been shown to be much less toxic because of the reduced dose of the antimony compound required for effective therapy. The historical uses of antimony were based on the belief that the topical and systemic adverse effects, for example, skin eruptions and diarrhoea and vomiting, were signs that the condition being treated was responding by being brought to the surface to relieve congestion at the diseased area. There is no evidence in topical use, but there is evidence that such use can cause severe reactions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Toxicity of antimony and its compounds. 330 36

The analgesic efficacy, side effects and cost of administration of regimens of intravenous buprenorphine and intravenous morphine were compared in a randomized double-blind trial performed during the first 24 h after cardiac surgery. Seven patients received buprenorphine by intermittent intravenous injection and six received morphine by continuous infusion. Both these regimens provided good analgesia for the entire 24 h period, with only mild pain at rest and moderate pain on vigorous coughing. Both regimens also produced mild respiratory depression but this was not of clinical importance: the mean arterial PCO2 in both groups was less than 45 mmHg after extubation. The major difference between drugs in the clinical setting was the ease of administration. Buprenorphine had no narcotic code restriction and could be given by intermittent intravenous injection, whereas morphine required checking and handling as a restricted drug and administration by continuous intravenous infusion. When labour and material costs were computed, over the first 24 postoperative hours, it cost $19.76 per patient to administer morphine, but only $3.16 to administer buprenorphine. Thus the use of buprenorphine injections for the first 24 h after cardiac surgery produced pain relief and respiratory depression comparable to that produced by a morphine infusion, but with a significant cost saving in terms of labour and materials.
 ...
PMID:A double-blind comparison of the relative efficacy, side effects and cost of buprenorphine and morphine in patients after cardiac surgery. 330 27

Intravenous lidocaine suppresses the cough reflex in patients undergoing local operative procedures. Many anti-tussive agents suppress the cough reflex by suppressing the respiratory center. Intravenous lidocaine produces no respiratory depression in doses that suppress the cough reflex. Intravenous lidocaine should be available during all intraocular surgical procedures so it can be used when indicated.
 ...
PMID:Lidocaine: an anti-tussive for ophthalmic surgery. 334 58

1. Antitussive, antinociceptive and respiratory depressant effects of codeine, morphine and H.Tyr.D-Arg.Gly.Phe(4-NO2) Pro.NH2 (compound BW443C) were investigated in unanaesthetized guinea-pigs. Antagonism of the antitussive and antinociceptive effects was investigated by the use of nalorphine and N-methylnalorphine. Naloxone was used to antagonize respiratory depression. 2. Antitussive ED50s (with 95% confidence limits) for inhibition of cough induced by citric acid vapour were for codeine, morphine and BW443C respectively, 9.1(5.8-15), 1.3(0.7-2.4) and 1.2(0.6-2.6) mg kg-1 s.c. and 8.7(4.2-12), 1.6(1.2-1.9) and 0.67(0.002-3.3) mg kg-1, i.v. The antitussive effects of subcutaneous codeine (25 mg kg-1) morphine (8.1 mg kg-1) and BW443C (2.5 mg kg-1) were significantly antagonized by subcutaneous nalorphine (3.0 mg kg-1) and N-methylnalorphine (3.0 mg kg-1). 3. In the multiple toe-pinch test, the antinociceptive ED50s (with 95% confidence limits) of codeine and morphine were 18(16-22) and 2.3(0.4-4.3) mg kg-1, s.c., respectively. Compound BW443C was ineffective in doses of 2.5 and 10 mg kg-1 s.c., a result consistent with its lacking penetration into the CNS. Subcutaneous nalorphine (3.0 mg kg-1) antagonized the antinociceptive action of codeine (25 mg kg-1) and morphine (8.1 mg kg-1). In contrast, N-methylnalorphine (3.0 mg kg-1) had no significant effect on the antinociceptive action of codeine and morphine, suggesting lack of penetration of the CNS by N-methylnalorphine. 4. At doses near to the i.v. ED50 values for the antitussive activity, morphine (1.5mg kg- ', i.v.) and codeine (10mg kg-', i.v.) caused small but significant depressions of ventilation (7.0 +/- 2.3% and 16.5 +/- 8.4% respectively). Higher doses of morphine (10, 30 and 60mg kg- ', i.v.) caused further doserelated depression of ventilation (9.6 +/- 5.3%, 22.4 +/- 6.2% and 36.2 +/- 9.6% respectively) whereas codeine (30 and 60mg kg-' i.v.) caused stimulation of ventilation which was marked (191.3 +/- 43.9%) at 60 mg kg-'. 5. Compound BW443C in doses of 1 or 10mgkg-',i.v. (approximately equal to, and 10 times the EDo for antitussive activity) did not cause significant depression of ventilation. Only at higher doses of 30 and 60mg kg-', i.v. was there a significant decrease in minute volume (13.1 +/- 6.8% and 15.9 +/- 1.89% respectively). The depression of ventilation caused by either BW443C (60mg kg-', i.v.) or morphine (60mg kg-', i.v.) was prevented by pretreatment with naloxone (3mg kg-', i.v.) administered 15 min before morphine or BW443C. 6. These results in the guinea-pig support the hypothesis that the antitussive action of the opiates codeine and morphine and the opioid pentapeptide BW443C do not require penetration of these drugs into the CNS.
 ...
PMID:Effects of codeine, morphine and a novel opioid pentapeptide BW443C, on cough, nociception and ventilation in the unanaesthetized guinea-pig. 334 36

To determine the role of central serotonergic systems in modulating the cough reflex, the effects of serotonergic agonists on the respiration and the cough reflex were comparatively studied. Male and female cats were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital. Respiration and cough reflex were measured using a pneumotachograph via a cannula inserted into the trachea. The cough reflex was elicited by electrical stimuli to the superior laryngeal nerve. Tranylcypromine, a MAO inhibitor, in a dose of 5 mg/kg, i.v., increased the respiration, but depressed the cough reflex. The serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5 mg/kg, i.v.) depressed the respiration and the cough reflex. Haloperidol (2 mg/kg, i.v.) abolished the tranylcypromine-stimulated respiratory responses, and it intensified the tranylcypromine induced cough depression. It is concluded that the increase in serotonin levels in the brain has a depressant influence on the central generating mechanisms of the cough reflex. Furthermore, central dopaminergic mechanisms seem to play a modulating role on the cough reflex.
 ...
PMID:Involvement of central serotonergic mechanisms in the cough reflex. 349 20

P. equorum is a common and ubiquitous parasite that persists for many years in stables and on pasture in spite of good hygiene and anthelmintic control programs. Foals are usually infected early in life. During the migratory phase of the infection, clinical signs include coughing and a nasal discharge followed by depression and unthriftiness as the worms mature in the gut. Some foals die as a result of intestinal impaction or rupture. Patency is established around 3 months of age, and fecal egg counts may rise to very high levels. From 6 months of age onwards, the ascarid burden diminishes as the foals become immune. Patent infections are seldom found in mature horses and, when present, they tend to be of low magnitude. Preventive measures are aimed at treating foals frequently enough to prevent the development of a large mass of ascarids in the intestine. This is achieved by a 6-weekly dosing regimen using an anthelmintic with proven and reliable efficacy against P. equorum.
 ...
PMID:Ascarids. Recent advances. 352 75

Methyl isocyanate (MIC) was evaluated for sensory and pulmonary irritation in mice. MIC was found to be both a potent sensory and pulmonary irritant in this species. From these results, a safe level of exposure for a period of 8 hr was estimated to be about 0.02 ppm for humans. Guinea pigs were also exposed to MIC for a single 3-hr exposure at a concentration of 37 ppm. During exposure to MIC, coughing was observed in all animals. Pulmonary function was evaluated immediately following exposure and intermittently on the next 35 days using CO2 challenges and flow-volume loops. Highly abnormal responses to CO2 were observed immediately after exposure in all animals. Six of the eight animals exposed to MIC died. In the two survivors, an apparent recovery was seen during the 5 days following exposure, but a worsening effect was observed at days 21 and 28, with a partial recovery at day 35. The data clearly demonstrated that the primary pulmonary effect of MIC was one of airways obstruction. Oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output were also measured in the guinea pigs following exposure to MIC. No evidence of a cyanidelike effect was observed, in contrast to a severe depression of oxygen uptake following exposure to hydrogen cyanide.
 ...
PMID:Sensory and pulmonary irritation of methyl isocyanate in mice and pulmonary irritation and possible cyanidelike effects of methyl isocyanate in guinea pigs. 362 31

An acute upper respiratory disease was observed in two broad-breasted white (BBW) turkey primary breeder flocks. Associated clinical signs included sneezing, depression, and a deep dry cough originating from large conducting airways. Morbidity reached approximately 15-20% of the hens in an affected house. None of the turkeys died, and total feed consumption was not affected. A minimal effect upon egg production was noticed. Sera from an acutely affected flock exhibited a marked rise in titer to Bordetella avium compared with preinfection sera samples. In Case 1, B. avium was isolated in pure culture from affected birds. In Case 2, B. avium was diagnosed by serological results and clinical signs; bacteriological examination was not attempted. The findings presented here are consistent with an acute clinical outbreak of B. avium-induced turkey rhinotracheitis (turkey coryza) in BBW turkey breeder hens.
 ...
PMID:Clinical outbreak of Bordetella avium infection in two turkey breeder flocks. 372 68

The heart rate response to standing, cough, hand grip, and deep breathing were examined in normal subjects and coronary artery disease patients (greater than 70% diameter narrowing). The heart rate responses to these maneuvers were reduced in coronary patients and in anginal patients with normal coronary angiograms, as compared to normals. Detection (with the heart rate response to standing) was determined by using an RR interval cutoff of 140 ms for males and 120 ms for females discriminated between normals and CAD patients. In men sensitivity was 0.58, specificity 0.87 and CCR 0.75, and in women sensitivity was 0.67, specificity 0.79 and CCR 0.75. These values are similar to those reported for ST segment depression in similar populations. When separating normals from those with 2 and 3 vessel disease--sensitivity is 0.67, specificity 0.87, predictive value 0.71 and CCR 0.80. The response to cough, hand grip, and deep breathing showed similar trends but had less specificity than the response to standing. Thus, the heart rate response to most autonomic maneuvers is blunted in subjects with coronary disease and in those with pain syndromes sent for coronary angiography. These findings need testing in larger populations but autonomic maneuvers fail to discriminate patients with coronary disease from those with normal angiograms presenting with chest pain syndromes.
 ...
PMID:Autonomic responses in chest pain syndromes as compared to normal subjects. 381 52


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>