Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pathological consequences of a severe outbreak of swine influenza (H1N1 virus) in the non immune sow at the beginning of pregnancy, under natural conditions. A sudden acute outbreak of fever, depression, anorexia and coughing in a group of nulliparous sows from a herd that was currently under epidemiological investigation lead to build a particular disposal of observation. The clinical signs were daily recorded including rectal temperature. Blood was taken from the sows at the beginning of the troubles and 3 weeks later for the detection of Aujesky's disease, coronavirus TGE-like, Influenza viruses A/H1N1 and A/H3N2 and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Viral detection was attempted from nasal swabs and aborted fetuses during the acute phase. The clinical study showed fever reaching near 41 degrees C on most of the pigs and lasting usually from 2 to 5 days. The diagnosis of Influenza (virus swine H1N1) was established both on serology (massive seroconversion) and on the detection of the virus from the nasal swabs and from an aborted fetus. The control of the lungs of sows "not in pig" and culled showed extended lesions of bronchopneumonia and Pasteurella multocida was found. The technical consequences of this severe outbreak of Influenza on reproduction were mainly important at the beginning of pregnancy. Over 13 sows inseminated less than 1 week before the outbreak, only 3 farrowed (respectively 5.5 and 12 piglets); 7 returned to oestrus and 3 "not a pig" at 21 days (echotomography) did not show signs of heat and were culled. Over 8 pregnant sows (1 month of pregnancy), 6 farrowed normal litters and total embryonic resorption occurred in 2 sows. Over 18 pregnant sows (more than 45 days gestation) one aborted.
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PMID:[Pathologic consequences of a severe influenza outbreak (swine virus A/H1N1) under natural conditions in the non-immune sow at the beginning of pregnancy]. 255 Jan 69

In 555 stress-induced urinary incontinent and 119 continent women patients, we studied the history, clinical and urodynamic investigations to define the hypotonic urethra and to find out important etiological factors of the low urethral closure pressure. The linear depression of the urethral pressure and the urethral closure pressure at rest--well known from literature--has been confirmed in this study. With hypotonic urethra, closure pressure values were found to be below the simple standard deviation from a norm-curve. Also, in cases of stress urinary incontinence, we found a nearly linear depression of closure pressure. The stress incontinent patients could be divided in two groups: 46% with hypotonic urethra, 54% with nearly normal closure pressure. History of former incontinence surgery, but also of other operations such as simple abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy, is correlated with low urethral closure pressure. The degree of closure pressure is correlated with shortening of the functional urethral length. The maximum closure pressure shifts distally. Women, who, despite hypotonic urethras, are continent, build up a positive closure pressure throughout a broad zone of the functional urethral length. Contrarily, in the case of incontinent patients, even a weak coughing spasm, which does not even break through the bladder sphincter in maximum closure, can cause opening of the urethra and establishment of pressure equilibration between bladder and urethra.
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PMID:[Definition and etiologic factors of hypotonic urethra in relation to urinary stress incontinence in the female]. 258 28

The present study was designed to determine whether morphine-dependent rats have a decreased sensitivity to the cough-depressant effects of both opioid and nonopioid antitussives. Morphine dependence was induced by treatment with morphine-admixed food (0.5 mg/g of food) for 7 days. The cough reflex was induced by application of electrical stimulation to the tracheal mucosa by the puncture electrode-induced cough method. The cough-depressant effect was evaluated as the antitussive ED50 calculated by the method of Litchfield and Wilcoxon. The effects of both opioid (morphine and dihydrocodeine) and nonopioid (dextromethorphan and noscapine) antitussive drugs were diminished in morphine-dependent rats. The values of ED50 of these antitussive drugs in morphine-dependent rats were about 3-fold higher than those in control rats. A significantly lower number of serotonin receptors was found in the brainstem of morphine-dependent rats (Bmax: 2.88 +/- 0.32 pmoles/mg protein) than in controls (Bmax: 4.93 +/- 0.50 pmoles/mg protein). It is possible that the decreased sensitivity to both opioid and nonopioid antitussive drugs, in terms of the depression of the cough reflex, in morphine-dependent rats may be due to changes in the number of serotonin receptors.
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PMID:Subsensitivity to the cough-depressant effects of opioid and nonopioid antitussives in morphine-dependent rats: relationship to central serotonin function. 263

Dextromethorphan is one of the most widely used non-opioid cough suppressants, representing the active ingredient in several over-the-counter antitussive formulations. It does not possess the CNS pharmacology of other opiates in humans (i.e. analgesia, respiratory depression, abuse liability or psychotomimetic properties), but since the discovery in 1981 of high affinity recognition sites in brain for dextromethorphan a unique neuropharmacological profile has emerged for this relatively innocuous drug. Anticonvulsant and neuroprotective properties have been demonstrated, and treatment with dextromethorphan has been shown to improve the cerebrovascular and functional consequences of global cerebral ischemia. Frank Tortella and colleagues review the CNS pharmacology of dextromethorphan, its possible involvement with NMDA or sigma-receptors, and the potential clinical importance of this old 'new' drug.
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PMID:Dextromethorphan and neuromodulation: old drug coughs up new activities. 215 97

The American Thoracic Society respiratory symptom questionnaire (ATS-Q) is widely used and has provided valuable information in epidemiologic studies. To determine the influence of psychological status on respiratory symptoms, we compared subjects' ATS-Q responses to their Ilfeld Psychiatric Symptom Index (PSI) scores. To minimize the potential confounding effect of respiratory disease on the association between respiratory and psychological status, from a population-based survey of 3,628 subjects, we studied only the 600 "healthy" subjects, defined by the following characteristics: between 14 and 55 yr of age; never-smokers; no diagnoses of respiratory, heart, kidney, thyroid disease, or anemia; and normal spirometry (defined as an FEV1 and FVC greater than 80% of predicted). Associations were found between respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm, wheeze, dyspnea) and PSI subscales (anxiety, anger, depression, and cognitive disturbance). Adjusted odds ratios for respiratory symptoms ranged from 1.13 to 2.15 for every 10% increase in PSI score. Psychological status is an important determinant of respiratory symptoms and therefore must be taken into consideration when interpreting results of epidemiologic studies using questionnaire information.
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PMID:The influence of psychological status on respiratory symptom reporting. 272 53

The aetiology of insomnia can be conveniently divided into six groups: physical (pain, cough, etc.), physiological (shift-workers etc.), psychological (life events), psychiatric (depression, anxiety, etc.), iatrogenic (stimulant drugs, etc.) and idiopathic (no obvious cause). The four main types of insomnia are: prolonged latency, frequent short awakenings, one or two long awakenings and early morning awakening. Patients' habits that may interfere with sleep are related to: alcohol, smoking, tea and coffee drinking, and bedtime drinks. In a double-blind comparison between temazepam and nitrazepam, both drugs were shown to be effective hypnotics, nitrazepam being better for early morning wakening, although at the expense of more hangover effects. Zopiclone, a new cyclopyrrolone hypnotic, was also compared to temazepam in a double-blind cross-over trial and similar hypnotic effects were recorded with both drugs.
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PMID:Insomnia in general practice: the role of temazepam and a comparison with zopiclone. 288 21

The influence of drugs which modify the concentration of brain monoamines on the size of the 50% antitussive dose (AtD50) of morphine (M), dihydrocodeine (DC) and dextromethorphan (DX) was investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The puncture electrode-induced cough method was used for inducing cough. The AtD50 was calculated by the "up and down" method. All drugs were injected i.p. Concentrations of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the whole brain were measured by means of high performance liquid chromatography with electro-chemical detection. The values for the AtD50 of M, DC and DX were 1.22, 1.44, and 6.06 mg/kg, respectively. Reserpine (2.5 mg/kg/day, 2 days) produced depression of more than 80% in levels of NE, DA and 5-HT in the brain. This treatment resulted in a substantial reduction in the antitussive effect of the cough suppressants, as evidenced by an increase in the AtD50 of M, DC and DX. p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 300 mg/kg, 24 hr) specifically produced a reduction of more than 70% in the level of 5-HT in the brain. The PCPA-treated rats also displayed an inhibition of the antitussive effect. The AtD50 in reserpine- and PCPA-treated rats was 2- and 4-fold higher, respectively, than the AtD50 for normal rats. alpha-Methyl-p-tyrosine (300 mg/kg, 5 hr) produced a significant reduction in the levels of NE and DA in the brain, but the antitussive effects of M, DC and DX were not altered. These results suggest that 5-HT in the brain may play an important role in the mechanism of action of antitussive drugs.
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PMID:Monoamines and the mechanisms of action of antitussive drugs in rats. 296 57

Fourteen calves were inoculated intranasally (i.n.) with the viral isolates as follows: 5 with 85/BH 16TV, 1 with 85/BH 17TV, 1 with 85/BH 18TV, 2 with 85/BH 231TN and 5 with 85/BH 232TN. Strain 85/BH 16TV was the only one which caused overt respiratory-like disease in all inoculated calves. Onset of the disease was observed after 7-8 days of incubation and was characterized by fever, depression, nasal discharge and coughing. Virus was isolated from the nasal swabbings of calves obtained from post-infection day (PID) 2-10. The other viral strains did not cause any sign of disease although virus was isolated regularly from the nasal swabbings of the inoculated calves. Virus was recovered from central nervous system tissues of calves that were infected with 85/BH 16TV or 85/BH 232TN strains and were killed on PID 4 or 8. Virus was also isolated from other tissues, such as lymph node, nasal mucosa (PID 8), or lung (PID 4). It was speculated that the nervous system could be one of the target areas of the virus of the naturally occurring infection by BHV-4. This might indicate a possible role of the nervous system (site of latency?) in the pathogenesis of BHV-4 as is the case in certain herpesviral infections of man and the lower animals.
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PMID:Experimental infection of calves with strains of Bovid herpesvirus-4. 303 1

Since their introduction in clinical practice in 1980, ACE inhibitors have been found useful in the treatment of hypertension and CHF. In hypertension, they are effective as monotherapy in 40% to 50% of the patients, and in combination with diuretics or calcium antagonists, they are effective in up to 85% of the patients. They are well tolerated, are not associated with depression, impotence, bronchospasm or metabolic derangements such as hypokalemia, hyperuricemia or hyperglycemia, and do not have adverse effects on the quality of life. As a result, they are preferred in hypertensive patients with CHF, left ventricular dysfunction, mental depression, older age, coronary artery disease, metabolic disorders, chronic destructive pulmonary disease, and peripheral vascular disease. In CHF they cause long-lasting hemodynamic and symptomatic improvement, improve exercise tolerance, and may lower mortality in certain patient subsets. Evolving new indications for ACE inhibitors include the diagnosis of renovascular hypertension, the prediction of surgical success, the treatment of scleroderma renal crisis, the reduction of proteinuria, renal protection, cardioprotection, the improvement of arterial compliance, in Bartter's syndrome and idiopathic edema, etc. ACE inhibitors are usually well tolerated but in some instances they may cause class-specific side effects such as hypotension; usually reversible azotemia or renal failure, especially in patients with renal artery stenosis or with CHF with low blood pressure; cough; angioedema; and hyperkalemia. Differences among ACE inhibitors are emerging and include chemical class (e.g., zinc ligand), biotransformation, potency, pharmacokinetics, prodrugs, tissue effects, additional pharmacologic properties, and drug interactions.
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PMID:Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. II. Clinical use. 305 46

One hundred epileptic patients were questioned about their headaches. Post-ictal headaches occurred in 51 of these patients and most commonly lasted 6-72 hours. Major seizures were more often associated with post-epileptic headaches than minor attacks. Nine patients in this series of 100 also had migraine: in eight of these nine a typical, albeit a mild, migraine attack was provoked by fits. The post-ictal headache in the 40 epileptics who did not have migraine was accompanied by vomiting in 11 cases, photophobia in 14 cases and vomiting with photophobia in 4 cases. Furthermore, post-epileptic headache was accentuated by coughing, bending and sudden head movements and relieved by sleep. It is, therefore, clear that seizures provoke a syndrome similar to the headache phase of migraine in 50% of epileptics. It is proposed that post-epileptic headache arises intracranially and is related to the vasodilatation known to follow seizures. The relationship of post-epileptic headache to migraine is discussed in the light of current ideas on migraine pathogenesis, in particular the vasodilation which accompanies Leao's spreading cortical depression.
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PMID:Post-epileptic headache and migraine. 311 78


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