Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Three double-blind, placebo controlled studies found isocarboxazid (40-50 mg/day) to be efficacious and safe for the treatment of atypical depression. The few instances of liver function elevations were generally borderline; one patient had a marked increase of both SGOT and SGPT (with normal bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase) at Week 6 which normalized over the next several months. Another patient had a mild, temporary hypertensive reaction after eating cheese but did not require any treatment alterations. Drops in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures, as well as orthostatic changes, were common but generally mild and well-tolerated. The most frequently noted side effects were dizziness, headache, dry mouth, insomnia, and constipation. Clinical adverse reactions tended to be mild and to respond to dosage decreases. Isocarboxazid appears to be an underutilized and potentially valuable agent for the treatment of depressed patients.
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PMID:Side effects of isocarboxazid. 637 85

Beginning 1 wk postpartum, weekly changes of feed and water intake, body weight, milk production, and electrolyte concentrations in serum, saliva, urine, milk, and feces were observed for 8 to 11 wk. Three dietary treatments differing in sodium chloride and sodium bicarbonate supplementation but containing equal sodium concentrations were used. Dietary chloride percents were low .10%, medium .27%, and high .45%. Consistently changes were significant for feed and water intake, body weight, milk production, and electrolyte concentrations in serum, urine, milk, and feces of cows fed the low chloride diet. By wk 8, body weight had declined from 575.0 +/- 56.7 to 476.7 +/- 54.3 kg, and daily milk production decreased from a peak of 27.7 +/- 2.4 to 19.2 +/- 3.9 kg for cows fed the low chloride diet. Serum chloride decreased from 106.0 +/- 2.8 to 75.5 +/- 6.7 meq/liter during the same time. Cows on the low chloride diet developed clinical signs of a deficiency characterized by depraved appetite, lethargy, hypophagia, emaciation, hypogalactiae, constipation, and cardiovascular depression. Metabolic alterations could be summarized as a severe primary hypochloremic, secondary hypokalemic, metabolic alkalosis.
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PMID:Nutritional chloride deficiency in early lactation Holstein cows. 650 51

Sickness occurred in 3 of 4 horses within 24 h of being sprayed with an 0.025% w/v aqueous suspension of amitraz. The latter consisted of a portion of an amitraz aqueous suspension made up some 3 weeks previously, to which some freshly prepared spray fluid had been added. It seemed likely that the amitraz in the older solution had broken down to the highly toxic N-3, 5- dimethylphenyl N-methyl formamadine derivative and that this was in fact the main cause of the untoward effects observed. The horses displayed typical clinical signs of tranquillisation, depression, ataxia, muscular incoordination and impaction colic lasting up to 6 days. Subcutaneous oedema of the face occurred in one horse. The syndrome was accompanied by mild dehydration and acidosis. All horses survived after persistent symptomatic treatment including the giving of intravenous fluids, enemas, analgesics every 3 h, multiple doses of paraffin oil per os and dexamethasone intravenously. Following the eventual relief of constipation the horses scoured profusely for 24 h before their condition returned to normal.
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PMID:Illness in horses following spraying with amitraz. 650 68

Outbreaks of photosensitisation and deaths in cattle on 5 farms in Victoria occurred following access to Myoporum affinity insulare. Signs were observed 2 to 6 days after access to myoporum trees or pruned branches and included depression, anorexia, photosensitisation, constipation, agalactia, jaundice, and mucosal petechiation. Serum gamma glutamyl transferase and aspartate amino transferase levels were elevated in all cases. Gross findings in fatally intoxicated cows consisted of widespread haemorrhages and pale yellow mottling of the liver. Distinctive histological lesions of periportal hepatic necrosis and bile duct proliferation were seen in all cases. An 8-month-old heifer given 30 g/kg fresh minced leaves by stomach tube died approximately 70 h after initial dosing. Post-mortem findings of widespread haemorrhage and hepatic periportal necrosis and bile duct proliferation were identical to those of field cases.
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PMID:Outbreaks of photosensitisation and deaths in cattle due to Myoporum aff. Insulare R. Br. toxicity. 662 66

100 diabetic patients who were newly referred to our hospital and 50 normal controls received 1) physical and chemical examinations, 2) a self-rating depression score (SDS), and 3) an examination consisting of 18 questions to detect subjective neuropathic symptoms. Many more neuropathic symptoms were found in diabetics than in normal controls; these symptoms included pain and numbness of the extremities, cold sensation, dizziness, constipation, impotence and sweating disorders. Few patients with neuropathic symptoms, however, exhibited neurological findings (tendon reflex, sensory disturbance or dorsal pulsation) or blood glucose control measured by HbA1. The likelihood of symptoms in the feet or in the urogenital tract increased with the duration of diabetes mellitus. Diabetics were significantly more depressive than normal controls shown by the result of SDS.
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PMID:The prevalence of neuropathic symptoms in diabetic patients newly referred to our hospital. 668 May 20

A double-blind randomized study was performed in 86 depressed out-patients, in order to compare the efficacy and tolerance of mianserin (30 to 60 mg daily) with that of nortriptyline (75 to 150 mg daily). Both drugs were administered for 6 weeks after a wash-out period of 1 week. The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression was used weekly and the Clinical Global Impression Scale at the end of treatment. Both preparations proved to be effective, with no significant differences in response. However, tolerance in the mianserin group was much better than in the nortriptyline group. Significant differences were found mainly in the incidence and severity of tachycardia, dry mouth, constipation, sweating, insomnia, agitation and oedema.
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PMID:The clinical efficacy and side-effects of mianserin and nortriptyline in depressed out-patients: a double-blind randomized trial. 675 61

Verapamil hydrochloride, a prototype calcium antagonist, is now marketed in the United States for the acute treatment of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias and for chronic management of vasospastic and chronic stable angina. It inhibits the slow inward channel in in the heart and blocks calcium influx in smooth muscle. Its intrinsic negative inotropic action, which is apparent in isolated tissues, is offset in vivo by peripheral vasodilation. It has a mild, noncompetitive sympathetic antagonist effect; its most important electrophysiologic action is a depression of AV nodal conduction, accounting for its effect in supraventricular tachyarrhythmias. Its hemodynamic actions are characterized by a complex interplay of changes in preload, afterload, contractility, heart rate, and coronary blood flow. It does not depress cardiac function, except in severe heart failure. The drug has a mild dilator action on coronary arteries and reverses ergonovine-induced vasoconstriction. Controlled trials have established its role in Prinzmetal's variant angina, unstable angina, and chronic stable angina. It has also been found to be effective in obstructive cardiomyopathies. The potential role of verapamil in such conditions as hypertension, cardioprotection, and Raynaud's phenomenon needs further evaluation; at present these indications have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The most common side effects include constipation, skin rash, and dizziness; AV block, heart failure, and sinus arrest may occasionally be encountered, especially when ventricular function is compromised or conduction system disease is present.
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PMID:Verapamil hydrochloride: pharmacological properties and role in cardiovascular therapeutics. 676 30

The pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, side effects, and dosage of amoxapine are reviewed. Amoxapine is a tricyclic dibenzoxazepine antidepressant that is chemically similar to the antipsychotic agent loxapine. In animal tests, amoxapine and its metabolites block reuptake of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, with little effect on serotonin. It is rapidly and virtually completely absorbed when administered orally; peak serum concentrations occur one to two hours after ingestion. Amoxapine is widely distributed throughout body tissues and is 90% bound to serum proteins. Aromatic hydroxylation in the liver produces two major metabolites, which are excreted in the urine primarily but also in the feces. Amoxapine's elimination half-life is eight hours; one of the metabolites has a long half-life (30 hours). In clinical trials, amoxapine has been compared with amitriptyline and imipramine in several types of depressed patients. In some studies, amoxapine's therapeutic effects were measurable earlier (at one or two weeks after initiation of therapy) than those of the amitriptyline or imipramine, but generally only a portion of the depression-rating scales yielded statistically significant differences. Side effects noted during amoxapine therapy include hypotension (42%), drowsiness (14%), xerostomia (14%), constipation (12%), blurred vision (7%), fatigue (5%), and vertigo (5%). Amoxapine is approved by FDA for use in patients with neurotic or reactive depressive disorders, endogenous or psychotic depression, and depression accompanied by anxiety or agitation. The usual adult dosage is 200-300 mg daily, either in divided doses or a single bedtime dose. Amoxapine is a safe and effective antidepressant with no striking advantages over other available agents.
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PMID:Evaluation of amoxapine. 676 65

We reviewed the clinical features of 99 cases of infant botulism reported to the Centers for Disease Control from states other than California for the period 1976 to 1980. There were no toxin-specific differences in the distribution of ages at onset or sex of the cases. For 76 (76%) patients for whom data were available the most common presenting symptoms were poor feeding (43%) and constipation (24%). Weak suck, poor head control, floppiness, weakness in extremities, difficulty swallowing, altered cry and constipation were reported in over three-fourths of the infants for whom data were available. Loss of facial expression, extraocular muscle paralysis, dilated pupils and depression of deep tendon reflexes occurred significantly more frequently among infants with type B botulism than among those with type A botulism. Ventilatory assistance was required for 61% of infants receiving aminoglycosides after the onset of weakness compared to only 26% of those infants not receiving aminoglycosides (P = 0.01). Infant botulism presents a characteristic clinical picture and should be suspected when an infant presents with weakness.
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PMID:Clinical characteristics of infant botulism in the United States: a study of the non-California cases. 714 27

The metabolism of an appreciable number of drugs has been shown to be influenced by age. In a study designed to assess plasma levels of clomipramine in twenty-eight patients aged between 65 and 75 years and fourteen patients over 75 years of age and compare them with the levels achieved by a control group of patients aged between 18 and 40 years, the severity of depression was assessed initially and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days using the General Practitioner Clinical Research Group Scale. Clomipramine was administered in a single dose of 25 mg either in the morning or in the evening. In general there were similar improvements in total score and in individual items on the rating scale in all three groups of patients. More drug related drop-outs occurred in the group of elderly subjects and in extreme age the response to treatment was slower although the end result of treatment was the same as that seen in younger subjects. Some side-effects such as constipation, tremor, ataxia and vertigo were commoner in older subjects.
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PMID:Clomipramine and age: an interaction study. 720 22


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