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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although used as a condiment and essential supplement since pre-Biblical times, chlorine as a part of the molecule salt has received little research effort by large animal nutritionists. Its low cost and the continued popularity of salt as a condiment and sodium supplement has precluded the appearance of chloride deficiencies. There is great variation in the chloride and sodium content of feedstuffs fed to lactating cows so that some formulations require no supplemental chloride or sodium. Chloride is highly available from feedstuffs, and when dietary chloride is low, the cow can reduce sharply her losses of chloride in urine, feces, skin secretions, and to some degree in milk. Clinical symptoms of chloride deficiency in the lactating cow include pica, lethargy, anorexia, lowered milk yield, constipation, and cardiovascular depression. Metabolic changes are expressed as a severe primary hypochloremia, secondary hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis. Requirement for chloride by the lactating cow is about .20%; a working allowance of .25% seems reasonable for cows in positive energy balance. With gradual resolution of the requirements for chloride and more data on chloride in feedstuffs, use of supplemental salt for either sodium or chloride can be reduced greatly.
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PMID:Mineral utilization by the lactating cow--chlorine. 370 Jul 98

The clinical pattern of symptoms consists of motor disorders (akinesia, tremor, rigor), emotional disorders (depression, abnormal behaviour), autonomic disorders (sweating, salivation, seborrhoea, constipation) and intellectual disorders (bradyphrenia, Alzheimer's dementia)
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PMID:[Clinical picture of Parkinson disease]. 378 88

The antidepressant effects and side effects of mianserin and maprotiline were assessed in a double-blind trial in 62 inpatients (34 men and 28 women; mean age, 43.6 years) with primary depressive illness. For the first week of the trial, 32 patients received 30 mg/day of mianserin and 30 patients received 75 mg/day of maprotiline; for the next three weeks, the dosage of each drug was doubled. According to scores on the Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression, administered on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28, the antidepressant effects of the two drugs were virtually identical. Results of electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic recordings and other measurements indicated that by day 28 the QRS duration was significantly longer (P less than 0.05) in the maprotiline group. On days 14 and 28, mean systolic blood pressure was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the maprotiline group. By day 28, the incidence of anticholinergic side effects--constipation and dry mouth--was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in the maprotiline group. Although maprotiline's effects on heart functions never reached clinical significance, its anticholinergic side effects could be bothersome, especially to older patients.
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PMID:A double-blind trial comparing mianserin and maprotiline in depressed inpatients. 390 38

Two hundred and eighty-nine patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) in the years 1956-79 have been followed up for a mean period of 5 years. The aim of the study was to investigate the symptomatology of PHPT and the disappearance of the symptoms after operative treatment. Of the presenting symptoms hypercalcaemic crisis and cystic bone changes were cured, and none of the patients with pancreatitis as presenting symptom had a recurrence. In the renal stone group, 10% of the patients had recurring stones during the follow-up period. The presenting symptom disappeared in 84% of the patients. Thirty-five% of the patients had no presenting symptom and were classified as "asymptomatic", though, on questioning, most of them had various symptoms which disappeared postoperatively. Malaise, fatigue and muscular weakness disappeared in 79% of the patients, upper abdominal pains in 66%, constipation in 63%, pains in the extremities in 51% depression in 65%. Hypertension increased by 28% during the follow-up period; only three of the 90 patients with hypertension has discontinued antihypertensive treatment postoperatively. During the follow-up study, 6% of the patients were hypercalcaemic, though the serum calcium was only slightly elevated in almost all of these patients (mean +/- SD 2.75 +/- 0.09 mmol/l) and most of them had the multiglandular form of PHPT. The renal function did not deteriorate as much as was expected on the basis of earlier reports; only two patients had a serum creatinine over 500 mumol/l.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Long-term effect of surgical treatment on the symptoms of primary hyperparathyroidism. 407 2

Early-lactation Holstein cows fed a corn silage-based diet low in chloride and supplemented with sodium bicarbonate were observed for clinical, metabolic, and production alterations over the course of 8 to 11 weeks. In 3 of the more severely affected cows, metabolic derangements included a rapidly developing primary hypochloremic, secondary hypokalemic and hyponatremic metabolic alkalosis, and hemoconcentration. Clinical signs included severe hypophagia, weight loss, muscle weakness, hypogalactia, dehydration, constipation, cardiopulmonary depression, and a depraved appetite. It was concluded that the rapid progression of these derangements, apart from any anatomic abnormalities or infectious causes, emphasizes the need for rapid assessment and therapeutic intervention in primary imbalance associated with body chloride depletion and metabolic alkalosis.
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PMID:Effects of dietary chloride restriction in lactating dairy cows. 608 55

To assess sex-related differences, 53 inpatients with major depression were evaluated with the Zung, Dempsey , and Hamilton depression scales, and part of the Beck scale. Women had more fitful sleep, easy crying, social withdrawal, agitation, somatic anxiety, gastrointestinal symptoms, genital symptoms, crying spells, constipation, and fast heartbeat. Men had more self-dislike and lack of clear mind. Differences in manifestations of major depression may account for misdiagnosis of female depressives as suffering from anxiety or functional insomnia and lead to treatment with anxiolytics rather than antidepressants. Self-dislike and mental clouding may lead male depressives to serious suicide attempts and work failures.
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PMID:Sex differences in inpatients with major depression. 614 72

Of 38,221 hospitalized medical patients monitored by a drug surveillance program, 1821 (4.8 per cent) received morphine, 504 (1.3 per cent) received codeine, 493 (1.3 per cent) received papaveretum, 115 (0.3 per cent) received hydromorphone, and 101 (0.3 per cent) received methadone parenterally. Hydromorphone had an unusually high adverse reaction rate (18 per cent); therefore, it probably should not be used since other equally effective strong analgesics are available. Adverse reactions occurred in 2 per cent of papaveretum recipients, in 4 per cent of methadone and codeine recipients, and in 6 per cent of morphine recipients. Gastrointestinal reactions (primarily nausea, vomiting, and constipation) were most common. Central nervous system disturbances (primarily respiratory depression, drowsiness, and confusion) were second most common. Adverse reactions occurred more often with higher doses of morphine and codeine; the dose-response relationship could not be evaluated for the other three drugs. Life-threatening adverse reactions were reported in 28 patients. Respiratory depression was the most common life-threatening reaction. Most patients with these reactions were seriously ill, and many received other drugs that may have contributed to the event.
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PMID:Clinical effects of parenteral narcotics in hospitalized medical patients. 615 87

In a double-blind comparison of 21 inpatients with endogenous depression 225 mg zimeldine demonstrated the same degree of antidepressive efficacy as 150 mg amitriptyline after 4 weeks of treatment. Only "sleep disturbances" on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRS) showed significant (P less than 0.05) improvement with amitriptyline. Only small differences in the frequency of side effects were seen. In the zimeldine group, increased sweating and headache were more pronounced, while the amitriptyline patients more often reported dry mouth and constipation. Body weight was not significantly changed by either treatment. In the zimeldine group, treatment had to be interrupted in three patients due to hypersensitivity reactions in the form of drug fever. Three other patients in the zimeldine group showed clinically significant elevation of liver enzymes. Hypersensitivity reactions and abnormal blood chemistry were both reversible. The adverse reactions are discussed, the cause of the occurrence remaining unknown.
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PMID:Zimeldine versus amitriptyline in endogenous depression. A double-blind study with special reference to effects on liver function. 623 28

1 Preliminary results of a double-blind placebo-controlled trial of mianserin and maprotiline carried out in 58 outpatients with primary depressive illness are reported. 2 Patients received six weeks' treatment with 30 to 90 mg mianserin, 75 to 225 mg maprotiline or one to three capsules of placebo, all medication being taken at night. 3 There were statistically significant improvements in each treatment group and a better response to mianserin than to placebo or maprotiline on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, after one week's treatment. 4 Neither mianserin nor maprotiline was superior to placebo after two or four weeks' treatment and relatively few patients completed six weeks' treatment because of a generally unsatisfactory response. 5 Unwanted effects were not particularly troublesome, though mianserin and maprotiline caused more drowsiness and blurred vision than did placebo, while maptrotiline produced more constipation than either of the other two treatments. 6 The importance of placebo-controlled trials of antidepressants is emphasized and the precautions that should be taken when they are carried out in outpatients are described.
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PMID:Placebo-controlled trial of mianserin and maprotiline in primary depressive illness: a preliminary report. 633 11

In a Finnish general practice 120 patients with psychosomatic disorders, manifest as syndromes of tension headache, cardiac neurosis, dizziness or muscular tension, were randomly allocated to treatment over a 4-week period with either flupenthixol (1 to 2 mg per day) or diazepam (5 to 10 mg mg per day). The 4 syndromes and 12 associated symptoms (anxiety, fatigue, depression, pain, asthenia, muscle fatiguability, tension, dyspnoea, restlessness, palpitations, sleep disorders, and vertigo) were rated on a 4-point scale on entry, at 2 weeks and at 4 weeks. Both drugs reduced significantly the average total scores for syndromes and single symptoms after 2-weeks' treatment. Flupenthixol was the more effective in relieving fatigue and vertigo; diazepam in relieving headache, anxiety, tension, restlessness and sleep disturbance. Cardiac neurosis, palpitations and general muscular tension responded poorly to both drugs. After 4 weeks, relief of vertigo, pain and fatigue was more evident in the flupenthixol group, and of anxiety, tension and restlessness in the diazepam group. Side-effects were complained of at some stage by 17 patients in the flupenthixol group (9 of fatigue, 5 of sleep disturbance, 1 of constipation, 1 of extrapyramidal symptoms, and 1 of weight gain) and by 16 patients in the diazepam group (10 of fatigue, 4 of sleep problems and 2 of diarrhoea).
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PMID:Flupenthixol versus diazepam in the treatment of psychosomatic disorders: a double-blind, multi-centre trial in general practice. 637 78


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