Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Long-term experience with clozapine has shown that the agent has a motor and mental side effect profile that is distinct in many ways from classical neuroleptics. It can produce a parkinsonian-like bradykinesia and mild akathisia, but no rigidity and rarely tremor. In patients with tardive dyskinesia induced by other neuroleptics, clozapine permits the dyskinesia to disappear in about half the cases. That clozapine may induce tardive dyskinesia in extremely rare cases cannot be excluded, but it seems more likely that this tardive dyskinesia in clozapine-treated patients is due to previous treatment with classical neuroleptics. The earlier clozapine is started, the less chance for development of tardive dyskinesia. As do other neuroleptics, clozapine can elicit sedation and asthenia, but corresponding to the motoric extrapyramidal syndrome, clozapine causes emotional indifference ("mental parkinsonism"), depression, and restlessness to a significantly lesser degree, which may be of importance in the higher compliance seen with this drug.
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PMID:Motor and mental side effects of clozapine. 796 51

The correction of radiation-induced immunodeficiency and hematopoiesis depression in clinical setting (100 patients) and in experiments (160 animals) by peptide preparations of the thymus and bone marrow (thymalin, hemalin, thymogemine and synthetic thymalin analog thymogen) has been studied. Administration of the bone marrow and thymus recovery of damage to the thymus, bone marrow, spleen and lymph nodes, improved the function of circulating neutrophilic granulocytes. Thymalin was able to compensate for immune disturbances and reduce manifestations of asthenia.
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PMID:[A cytomorphological basis for the correction of radiation-induced immunodeficiencies and hematopoietic depression using thymus and bone marrow peptides]. 798 63

Out of a great number of cases with chronic psychoorganic syndrome studied by us, we have selected, for investigation, a number of 100 cases which presented common symptomatology: a psychosyndrome showing, by a large number of manifestations such as asthenia, fatigability, adynamia with various degrees of intensity building up to reaction latency, diminution or even absence of initiative, basic-negativism, tendency to depression with feeling of futility, anxiety, lowered affective tonus. The intellectual activity is largely diminished, the stream of ideas is poor, and there is a limited domain of preoccupations. All these symptoms alongside with somatic, muscular, renal, respiratory, digestive and cardiovascular disorders have led us to the hypothesis of chronic deficiency of the hormones in the adrenal glands. The adrenal glands have been studied by indirect exploration of the hydroelectrolytic metabolism of the peripheral blood, the Thorn test and the Robinson-Power-Kepler test. For the exploration of the glucocorticoids, a basal test has been used such as the 17-hydroxycorticoid test, which measures cortisol elimination, or as the 11-desoxycorticosteroids and metabolites, or the colorimetric Porter-Silber method. Among the dynamic tests, we have used stimulating tests, the ACTH test (synthetic Synachtene), which measures cortisolemia and the 17-urinary corticosteroids, faster and easier than the Thorn test. In order to assess androgens, we have used the ACTH deposit dynamic test (Synachtene retard), which in the case of normal function of the adrenal glands, in 24 hours, doubles the elimination of 17-hydrocorticosteroids, 17-Ketosteroids, D. H. E. A., pregnandiol, pregnantriol.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Study on physiopathology of the chronic psychoorganic syndrome. Investigation on the reactivity of the adrenal glands in patients with psychoorganic chronic. 798 17

Asthenia is a very common symptom of patients with advanced cancer, but its investigation is hindered by a lack of suitable validated measuring instruments. The goal of the present study was to construct and validate a questionnaire for the study of asthenia in cancer patients, as well as to establish correlations with other symptoms and physiological and biochemical parameters. A group of 31 patients with advanced cancer and a control group of 30 healthy volunteers were examined. The proposed questionnaire, based on visual analogue scales, questions with categorical answers and on the hospital anxiety and depression scale was validated by comparing results of the patient and control groups, by the test/retest method and by comparison with the evaluation of an observer. Correlation with various physiological and biochemical parameters was performed. The questionnaire distinguished well among the patients and control groups. VAS of asthenia proved quite stable over a period of 5 days. Correlations of asthenia with lack of appetite, the hospital anxiety and depression scale, weight, heart rate and serum cortisol levels could be established. No significant correlation between asthenia and various serum markers of inflammation and cytokines, including C-reactive protein, tumour necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and interleukin-2 receptors, could be found. The proposed questionnaire for evaluation of asthenia could be validated in a patient sample of limited size and a simplified questionnaire based on visual analogue scales is being developed for further investigations.
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PMID:Preliminary results of a study assessing asthenia and related psychological and biological phenomena in patients with advanced cancer. 814 2

A review was conducted of the safety and tolerability of fluvoxamine in 54 worldwide marketing studies that enrolled 24,624 patients, the majority of whom were treated with fluvoxamine in uncontrolled studies in depression. In accordance with the general epidemiologic distribution of depressive disorder, female patients and patients aged between 30 and 50 years predominated. The majority of patients were treated for 6 weeks, the most frequent, or modal, total daily dose being 100 mg. Overall, 57.4% of the patients exposed to fluvoxamine did not have any adverse experiences. The greatest proportion of adverse experiences, as defined using COSTART body systems, affected the digestive system (24.1%), the nervous system (23.7%), and the body as a whole (15.3%). The only adverse experience with an incidence greater than 10% was nausea (15.7%); somnolence (6.9%) and asthenia (6.2%) were the next most frequent adverse experiences. Notably, the rates of agitation and anxiety were only 1.4% and 1.3%, respectively. The incidences of adverse experiences generally increased with age and were slightly higher in females than in males. In total, 15.1% of patients discontinued treatment prematurely as a result of adverse experiences, principally nausea, dizziness, vomiting, somnolence, abdominal pain, and headache. The overall incidence of serious adverse events in association with fluvoxamine treatment was 2.5% when U.S. Food and Drug Administration criteria and the most conservative approach, without causality judgments, were used.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Safety database on fluvoxamine: analysis and report. 837 16

Tiagabine (TGB) hydrochloride is a potential new antiepileptic drug (AED) undergoing clinical development. Experience in humans amounts to 1,810 patient-years of exposure. TGB was found to be tolerated in an integrated safety analysis of five double-blind, add-on therapy trials involving approximately 1,000 patients with epilepsy with difficult-to-control seizures with existing AEDs. Discontinuation resulting from adverse events were infrequent, occurring in 15% of patients receiving TGB compared to 5% receiving placebo. The most frequently reported adverse event was dizziness, which was usually transient and did not require medical intervention. Adverse events that were statistically significantly more common with TGB than placebo were dizziness, asthenia, nervousness, tremor, diarrhea, and depression (not major depression). Adverse events were usually mild to moderate in severity and transient, and most were associated with dose titration. The incidence, type, and severity of adverse events in long-term studies were comparable with those in short-term studies. Serious adverse events were uncommon and no idiosyncratic events were reported.
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PMID:Tiagabine: the safety landscape. 859 87

The chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy of nefazodone hydrochloride, a new antidepressant, are described. Nefazodone enhances serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) synaptic transmission by acting as an antagonist at 5-HT2 receptors and by inhibiting the reuptake of 5-HT. These two mechanisms combined may enhance 5-HT1A-mediated transmission. In addition, nefazodone weakly inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine. Nefazodone is a structural analogue of trazodone but is pharmacologically distinct. In placebo-controlled trials, nefazodone was as effective as imipramine for the treatment of major depression and produced clinical benefits in patients with depression-related anxiety and sleep disturbances. More than 2000 patients have received nefazodone in clinical trials. The most commonly reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are asthenia, somnolence, dry mouth, nausea, constipation, dizziness, lightheadedness, confusion, abnormal vision, and blurred vision. The incidence of sexual-dysfunction ADRs may be less than that reported for other antidepressants. Nefazodone does not inhibit rapid-eye movement sleep. Nefazodone, an inhibitor of the hepatic P-450 isoenzyme CYP3A4, may increase concentrations of drugs metabolized by this isoenzyme, such as terfenadine, astemizole, triazolam, alprazolam, and midazolam. Caution should be exercised in administering nefazodone hydrochloride with triazolobenzodiazepines, and coadministration with terfenadine or astemizole is contra-indicated. The dosage should start at 100 mg twice daily and then be increased, depending on occurrence of ADRs and the patient's clinical response, to 300-600 mg daily. In elderly or debilitated patients, the initial dosage should be half the usual dosage. Nefazodone hydrochloride is as effective as other available antidepressants and may cause fewer ADRs.
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PMID:Nefazodone: a new antidepressant. 889 78

Fatigue is a frequent complaint in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Its pathogenesis is unknown and the question of whether or not there is a specific type of fatigue in MS is controversial. The aim of this work was to determine the link between fatigue in MS and physical and psychological involvement. We studied 50 patients diagnosed of MS category la by Poser's criteria. They were examined using the Kurtzke and Hamilton scales for depression and anxiety. We also applied an original scale for assessing the spontaneity, clinical characteristics, severity and frequency of fatigue. Asthenia, a tendency to feel tired and a worsening of other symptoms were identified as clinical traits. Using statistical tests for non parametric distribution of data (Spearman's R and Kruskal-Wallis's H coefficients), we found a positive correlation between the characteristics of and severity of fatigue and functional system involvement, anxiety and depression. Thirty-one (62%) patients suffered fatigue, 22 of them spontaneously. Fatigue was the main symptom in 3. and was proportional to pyramidal involvement (r = 0.41; p < 0.01) and intelligence quotient (r = 0.30; p < 0.03). Depression and anxiety were not related to fatigue (p > 0.05). Patients in the progressive phase of disease had higher fatigue scores than did patients who were stable or in remission. Disease duration was not proportional to fatigue. Our results point to a high rate of fatigue in MS patients. The severity of fatigue is proportional to pyramidal involvement and mental decline and is linked to phases of disease progression.
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PMID:[Fatigue and functional system involvement in multiple sclerosis]. 876 76

Many researchers have noted a direct correlation between sexual difficulties and E2 level, when E2 < 50 pg/ml. But sexual behavior also interferes with sexuality. In Bachmann and coll. study, sexually active women ranging from 60 to 70, without HRT had higher mean levels of E2 and T than sexually inactive women. Of course the numerous complaints of that period (hot flushes, asthenia, tachycardia...) are creating physical and psychological conditions rather damaging for sexuality. They may also induce a state of true suffering with a loss of self esteem resulting in a more introverted way of life. In other cases, it is the psychological context in it self (depression, anxiety, relational difficulty with the partner or even male sexual problems) which is interfering. An actual amelioration of sexual life can be obtained with HRT plus or a minima percutaneous androgenotherapy in some cases. The treatment is indeed an asset for the therapeutic support, even from the psychotherapeutic point of view.
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PMID:[Menopause and sexuality]. 893 58

There have been over 60 studies of Earth-bound activities that can be viewed as simulations of manned spaceflight. These analogs have involved Antarctic and Arctic expeditions, submarines and submersible simulators, land-based simulators, and hypodynamia environments. None of these analogs has accounted for all the variables related to extended spaceflight (e.g., microgravity, long-duration, heterogeneous crews), and some of the stimulation conditions have been found to be more representative of space conditions than others. A number of psychosocial factors have emerged from the simulation literature that correspond to important issues that have been reported from space. Psychological factors include sleep disorders, alterations in time sense, transcendent experiences, demographic issues, career motivation, homesickness, and increased perceptual sensitivities. Psychiatric factors include anxiety, depression, psychosis, psychosomatic symptoms, emotional reactions related to mission stage, asthenia, and postflight personality, and marital problems. Finally, interpersonal factors include tension resulting from crew heterogeneity, decreased cohesion over time, need for privacy, and issues involving leadership roles and lines of authority. Since future space missions will usually involve heterogeneous crews working on complicated objectives over long periods of time, these features require further study. Socio-cultural factors affecting confined crews (e.g., language and dialect, cultural differences, gender biases) should be explored in order to minimize tension and sustain performance. Career motivation also needs to be examined for the purpose of improving crew cohesion and preventing subgrouping, scapegoating, and territorial behavior. Periods of monotony and reduced activity should be addressed in order to maintain morale, provide meaningful use of leisure time, and prevent negative consequences of low stimulation, such as asthenia and crew member withdrawal. Leadership roles and lines of authority need to be studied further to understand the factors leading to status leveling, leadership competition, and role confusion. Finally, the relationship between crews and ground personnel should be characterized in order to minimize the displacement of anger and tension to the outside, to counter the effects of inter-group miscommunications, and to develop support strategies that can help to counter in-group/out-group conflicts. Ground-based space simulations still have a role to play in terms of understanding the impact of these factors and ways of dealing with them. In particular, issues involving language, cultural differences, gender biases, career motivation, monotonous conditions, use of free time, leadership, lines of authority, and the relationship between crews and outside monitoring personnel need to be further characterized and examined under controlled conditions. Until such time as these factors can be studied directly in space, simulations provide an opportunity to learn more about these psychosocial issues and to plan ways of minimizing their negative consequences during actual space missions.
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PMID:Psychosocial value of space simulation for extended spaceflight. 904 34


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