Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

25-day-old female rats were left intact, or rendered either blind-anosmic or blind-anosmic-pinealectomized. Five weeks later, blind-anosmic animals were found to possess significantly depressed body, anterior pituitary, uterine and ovarian weights. The pituitary levels of LH were elevated while pituitary prolactin was depressed in the dual sensory-deprived rats. Blind-anosmic animals also had significantly depressed plasma levels of LH and elevated plasma levels of prolactin. The effects of blinding and anosmia were effectively reversed by pinealectomy. Ovariectomized, estrogen and progesterone-treated (OVX, EP-treated) rats that received an intracarotid injection of a medial basal hypothalamic (MBH) extract from intact or from blind-anosmic-pinealectomized female rats exhibited a marked rise in plasma LH to a peak at 10 min after injection. This peak was followed by a steady decline in plasma LH concentration. Animals injected with MBH extract from blind-anosmic rats also demonstrated a rise in plasma LH with the levels remaining more or less constant for the 10 and 20-min samples. Rather than declining, the plasma LH levels in 3 out of 4 rats exhibited a further increase until the 40-min sample. The injection of either cortical extract or saline had no effect on plasma LH levels. OVX, EP-treated rats receiving either MBH extracts from intact or blind-anosmic rats or cortical extract exhibited a depression in plasma prolactin titers 5 min following injection. This response was followed by a slight increase in plasma prolactin at 10 and 20 min with a subsequent decrease. Each of the OVX, EP-treated recipients injected with MBH extract from blind-anosmic-pinealectomized rats responded with an obvious increase in plasma prolactin levels within 5 min after injection, followed by a decrease. It was concluded that the MBH of the blind-anosmic rat was high in LRH activity while PIF appeared to predominate over PRF activity. On the other hand, in the MBH of the blind-anosmic-pinealectomized rat, LRH activity was lower while PRF appeared to predominate over PIF activity.
 ...
PMID:The pineal gland of the blind-anosmic female rat: its influence on medial basal hypothalamic lrh, pif and/or prf activity in vivo. 114 25

Smell and taste disorders are common in the general population, yet little is known about their nature or cause. This article describes a study of 750 patients with complaints of abnormal smell or taste perception from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center, Philadelphia. Major findings suggest that: chemosensory dysfunction influences quality of life; complaints of taste loss usually reflect loss of smell function; upper respiratory infection, head trauma, and chronic nasal and paranasal sinus disease are the most common causes of the diminution of the sense of smell, with head trauma having the greatest loss; depression frequently accompanies chemosensory distortion; low body weight accompanies burning mouth syndrome; estrogens protect against loss of the sense of smell in postmenopausal women; zinc therapy may provide no benefit to patients with chemosensory dysfunction; and thyroid hormone function is associated with oral sensory distortion. The findings are discussed in relation to management of patients with chemosensory disturbances.
 ...
PMID:Smell and taste disorders, a study of 750 patients from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center. 202 70

Cortical spreading depression (SD) is widely used to induce functional decortication. Development of a reliable technique for eliciting SD in the olfactory bulb (OB) of rats makes it possible to achieve functional elimination of the first relay of the olfactory pathway. In order to assess the unit activity changes accompanying OBSD, adult male hooded rats (n = 31) were anesthetized with pentobarbital and activity of OB units was recorded with carbon fiber microelectrodes. The predepression activity (12.7 +/- 0.8 Hz) increased up to 35.1 +/- 4.1 Hz during the burst which attained maximum 44 +/- 6 sec after K+ acetate injection and corresponded to the steep depolarization phase of SD slow potential. The burst lasted 20.4 +/- 2.9 sec on the average and was followed by 187 +/- 20 sec of complete silence. Gradual recovery to the predepression level lasted 229 +/- 27 sec. Activity of most units (63%) in the contralateral OB was not changed. Significant reactions of OB neurons to ipsilateral cortical SD found in 57% units were mostly inhibitory (49%). OBSD-induced anosmia was examined in a group of rats (n = 8) with unilateral bulbectomy and a guiding tube implanted into the remaining OB for microinjection of K+ acetate. One week after surgery, the animals were examined in the food-retrieval olfactory test. The microinjection of K+ acetate severely disrupted the food finding behavior in 60% rats during 3-min test. Both electrophysiological and behavioral results indicate that OBSD is a convenient tool for inducing short-lasting anosmia.
 ...
PMID:Functional ablation of the olfactory bulb by spreading depression: unit activity changes and transient anosmia. 336 66

Male rats (25-26 days of age) housed with 14 hours of light per day (lights on 0600--2000 hours) were either olfactory bulbectomized (rendering them anosmic), bulbectomized plus pinealectomized (Pinx), or left intact. On the day following the operations, intact, anosmic, and anosmic-Pinx animals began receiving single, daily afternoon (1700--1800 hours) subcutaneous injections of 50 microgram of melatonin (MEL) for six weeks, while an additional group of intact controls received injections of diluent. At the end of this period, body, anterior pituitary, testicular, and seminal vesicle weights were significantly reduced in intact-MEL-treated animals. Anosmic animals that had been treated with MEL experienced a further, highly significant, 65%, 90%, and 85% depression in testicular, seminal vesicle, and ventral prostate weights, respectively, as compared with intact control and MEL-treated rats. Additionally, both body and anterior pituitary weights were significantly decreased in MEL-treated, anosmic rats. Anosmic-Pinx rats treated with MEL had organ and body weights that were intermediate between those of intact-MEL and anosmic-MEL-treated animals. Pituitary and serum levels of prolactin (Prl) were significantly lower in anosmic-MEL-treated rats than in intact-MEL-treated groups. Similarly, Prl levels were depressed in the anosmic-Pinx rats treated with MEL; however, serum Prl was not statistically lower than in intact or intact-MEL-treated animals. These results indicate that anosmic male rats have an increased sensitivity to antigonadotrophic and Prl-inhibitory effects of MEL. Futhermore, the data suggest that the presence of the pineal gland in anosmic rats is important in permitting anosmia maximally to sensitize the neuroendocrine-reproductive axis to the antigonadotrophic effects of exogenously administered MEL.
 ...
PMID:An interaction between the pineal gland and olfactory deprivation in potentiating the effects of melatonin on gonads, accessory sex organs, and prolactin in male rats. 740 Nov 93

Bulbectomy has been previously shown to produce the specific antidepressant-sensitive syndrome in C57Bl/6j, but not DBA/2j mice. The present study examined the effect of the depression on voluntary alcohol consumption. Alcohol consumption and alcohol preference (% of alcohol solution in total liquid) in a free-choice, two-bottle situation was measured in C57BL/6j and DBA/2j mice after sham-operation, anosmia with 10% ZnSO4, or bulbectomy. Both anosmic and bulbectomized mice of both strains consumed more alcohol and showed stronger preference for alcohol than sham-operated mice. In DBA/2j mice both operations altered alcohol consumption of the whole population, and the effect of bulbectomy was stronger. In C57Bl/6j mice bulbectomy and, to a less degree, anosmia seemed to affect predominantly the low-drinking animals. Chronic treatment with antidepressants amitriptyline (20 mg/kg), trazodone (20 mg/kg), and imipramine (10 mg/kg), did not change alcohol consumption in sham-operated C57Bl/6j mice. In anosmic mice antidepressants decreased alcohol preference, but only amitryptyline also decreased alcohol consumption. All antidepressants decreased both alcohol consumption and preference in bulbectomized C57Bl/6j mice. In DBA/2j mice antidepressant treatment either increased, or did not alter alcohol consumption and preference in all groups, though the effects varied among individual antidepressants. The possible connection between the bulbectomy-induced behavioral syndrome and elevated ethanol consumption in C57Bl/6j mice is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Antidepressants suppress bulbectomy-induced augmentation of voluntary alcohol consumption in C57B1/6j but not in DBA/2j mice. 797

The olfactory function could be examined in 101 of 138 patients with anterior communicating artery aneurysms, whom we treated during a recent 6-year period. Among them, 49 patients underwent surgery by the anterior interhemispheric approach and 52 underwent surgery by the basal interhemispheric approach. Fifteen patients (31%) exhibited anosmia after surgery by the anterior interhemispheric approach, whereas only one patient (1.9%) exhibited anosmia after surgery by the basal interhemispheric approach. Unilateral dural incision and unilateral brain retraction without elevation of the frontal lobe from the frontal base are important, because frontal lobe depression and elevation during surgery may injure the olfactory nerve.
 ...
PMID:Anosmia after anterior communicating artery aneurysm surgery: comparison between the anterior interhemispheric and basal interhemispheric approaches. 886 60

Bilateral olfactory bulbectomy in the rat produces a well-characterized syndrome that is independent of anosmia. This syndrome is reversed by chronic antidepressant administration, which provides the basis for the olfactory bulbectomy model of depression. The present experiments focused on neuropeptide plasticity in central olfactory/limbic structures following olfactory bulbectomy in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral surgical ablation of the olfactory bulbs, sham surgery, or no surgery and were killed either three, seven, 14 or 28 days later. Relative levels of messenger RNA encoding neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and corticotropin-releasing factor precursors in the forebrain were measured by quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry using oligonucleotide probes. Prepro-neuropeptide Y messenger RNA levels in the piriform cortex and dentate gyrus were significantly elevated in bulbectomized rats 14 and 28 days after surgery compared to sham-operated and surgically naive rats. Prepro-somatostatin messenger RNA levels in the piriform cortex were marginally increased in bulbectomized rats at these time-points. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and corticotropin-releasing factor precursor messenger RNA levels were not altered in the brain regions studied. The results indicate that olfactory bulbectomy causes long-term increases in the expression of the neuropeptide Y gene. These findings suggest that neuropeptide Y plasticity in the olfactory/limbic system may contribute to the olfactory bulbectomy syndrome in rats, and they provide further evidence of a role for neuropeptide Y in the pathophysiology of depression.
 ...
PMID:Effects of olfactory bulbectomy on neuropeptide gene expression in the rat olfactory/limbic system. 988 71

The amygdala exhibits significant pathological changes in Parkinson's disease, including atrophy and Lewy body (LB) formation. Amygdala pathology has been suggested to contribute to some clinical features of Parkinson's disease, including deficits of olfaction and facial expression. The degree of neuronal loss in amygdala subnuclei and the relationship with LB formation in non-demented Parkinson's disease cases have not been examined previously. Using stereological methods, the volume of neurones and the number of neurones in amygdala subdivisions were estimated in 18 prospectively studied, non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease and 16 age- and sex-matched controls. Careful exclusion (all cortical disease) and inclusion (non-demented, levodopa-responsive, idiopathic Parkinson's disease or controls) criteria were applied. Seven Parkinson's disease cases experienced well-formed visual hallucinations many years after disease onset, while nine Parkinson's disease cases and three controls were treated for depression. Anatomically, the amygdala was subdivided into the lateral nucleus, the basal (basolateral and basomedial) nuclei and the corticomedial (central, medial and cortical nuclei) complex. LB and Lewy neurites were identified by immunohistochemistry for alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin and were assessed semiquantitatively. LB were found throughout the amygdala in Parkinson's disease, being present in approximately 4% of neurones. Total amygdala volume was reduced by 20% in Parkinson's disease (P = 0.02) and LB concentrated in the cortical and basolateral nuclei. Lewy neurites were present in most cases but did not correlate with any structural or functional variable. Amygdala volume loss was largely due to a 30% reduction in volume (P = 0.01) and the total estimated number of neurones (P = 0.007) in the corticomedial complex. The degree of neurone loss and the proportion of LB-containing neurones in the cortical nucleus within this complex were constant across Parkinson's disease cases and neither variable was related to disease duration (R(2 )< 0.03; P > 0.5). The cortical nucleus has major olfactory connections and its degeneration is likely to contribute to the early selective anosmia common in Parkinson's disease. There was a small reduction in neuronal density in the basolateral nucleus in all Parkinson's disease cases, but no consistent volume or cell loss within this region. However, the proportion of LB-containing neurones in the basolateral nucleus was nearly doubled in cases that exhibited visual hallucinations, suggesting that neuronal dysfunction in this nucleus contributes to this late clinical feature. Detailed quantitation of the other amygdala subdivisions failed to reveal any other substantial anomalies or any associations with depression. Thus, the impact of Parkinson's disease on the amygdala is highly selective and correlates with both early and late clinical features.
 ...
PMID:Clinical correlates of selective pathology in the amygdala of patients with Parkinson's disease. 1239 Sep 70

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is increasingly recognized as a distinct clinical and pathologic entity. It is a progressive dementia characterized by persistent and well-formed visual hallucinations, marked second-to-second fluctuations in attention, and progressive extrapyramidal signs. The diagnostic value of additional clinical features such as delusions, depression, falls, anosmia, and rapid progression continues to be debated. Despite the growing acceptance of the diagnosis, DLB has not yet been included in either International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) or Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria. However, the existing consensus diagnostic criteria continue to be validated. Most prospective studies to date indicate that their performance is acceptable, with specificity similar to the present diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, at least one in five patients with DLB will continue to be misclassified.
 ...
PMID:Dementia with Lewy bodies: clinical characteristics and diagnostic criteria. 1248 14

A few examples of hypothalamic, peptidergic disorders leading to clinical signs and symptoms are presented in this review. Increased activity of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and decreased activity of the vasopressin neurons in the biological clock and of the thyroxine-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons in the PVN contribute to the signs and symptoms of depression. In men, the central nucleus of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BSTc) is about twice as large and contains twice as many somatostatin neurons as in women. In transsexuals this sex difference is reversed, pointing to a role of this structure in gender. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) neurons are formed in the fetal olfactory placade and migrate along the terminal nerve fibers into the hypothalamus. In Kallmann's syndrome the migration process of the LHRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) neurons is aborted, which explains the joint occurrence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia in this syndrome. In postmenopausal women, the neurons of the infundibular nucleus hypertrophy and become hyperactive because of the disappearance of the estrogen feedback and contain hyperactive peptidergic neurons. Climacteric flushes may be caused by hyperactivity of the neurokinin-B or LHRH neurons in this nucleus. The hypocretin (orexin) neurons in the perifornical area are involved in sleep. In narcolepsy with cataplexy, a loss of these neurons, probably due to an autoimmune process, is found. Obese subjects with a mutation in the gene that encodes for leptin, the preproghrelin gene, or the alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) gene have been described. Decreased numbers and activity of the oxytocin neurons in the PVN may be responsible for the absence of satiety in Prader-Willi syndrome. Moreover, a glucocorticoid receptor polymorphism is associated with obesitas and dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. In contrast, two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the AGRP gene have been associated with anorexia nervosa.
 ...
PMID:Neuropeptides in hypothalamic neuronal disorders. 1554 16


1 2 3 4 5 Next >>