Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effect of substance P on the end-plate currents (EPC) and miniature EPC (MEPC) was studied in the "cut" sartorius muscle of the frog using voltage-clamp technique after acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Substance P in the concentration 5.10(-7)-1.10(-6) mol/l had no effect on the amplitude and time course of the single EPC and MEPC, but promoted significant prolongation of EPC decay during repetitive nerve stimulation (10/s), which indicated development of postsynaptic potentiation. Elevation of the substance P concentration to 5.10(-6) mol/l has led to the shortening of single EPS decay and more significant depression of the EPC amplitude in trains. This effect was connected with a decrease of the postsynaptic membrane sensitivity to acetylcholine, i. e. development of desensitization.
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PMID:[The postsynaptic effects of substance P in the frog neuromuscular synapse]. 165 84

In a double-blind study, 41 schizophrenic patients (ICD, 9th rev.) were divided into two groups. With a flexible dose, twenty patients were treated with haloperidol, twenty-one with amisulpride. With respect to relevant criteria such as age, sex, length and degree of illness, the two groups were comparable. The study was conducted over 42 days. As early as within the first 14 days, both groups showed significant improvement with respect to their psychotic symptoms. When the two groups were compared on the basis of the BPRS subscore for the anxiety-depression syndrome, and the AMDP system subscores for the somatic-depressive syndrome and the hypochondriac syndrome, the amisulpride group showed significantly better results than the haloperidol group. The ratings on the EPS scales of Webster and Simpson revealed significantly fewer extrapyramidal side-effects in the amisulpride group. Psychotic symptoms were improved after both types of treatment. Amisulpride treatment showed better results with regard to depressive symptoms, and less tendency to generate extrapyramidal side-effects.
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PMID:Amisulpride versus haloperidol in treatment of schizophrenic patients--results of a double-blind study. 197 43

Thirty-nine chronic schizophrenic patients were selected for a 12-month double-blind evaluation of the effectiveness of pipothiazine palmitate (PPT) and flupenthixol decanoate (FPX) in the maintenance management of their illness. Allocation was at random and, in order to allow constant injection intervals, the patients typically received every 2 weeks either 40 mg of flupenthixol decanoate or alternating injections of 100 mg of pipothiazine palmitate and placebo. At monthly intervals the patients were assessed using both a battery of rating scales (which included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale (EPS] and a general side-effects evaluation. At 3-monthly intervals they were also rated on the Comprehensive Psychiatric Rating Scale (CPRS) and the Zung Depression Scale. Haematological and biochemical tests were performed every 3 months. Both drugs provided good control of psychotic symptoms and side-effects were not troublesome. No substantial difference was detected on the CPRS and the Zung scales. There was a trend in favour of PPT on the BPRS survey, detectable at 6 months and reaching statistical significance by 12 months. We conclude that the PPT regime is at least as effective as the FPX treatment and probably more so. It is possible that even longer periods of control could be obtained with PPT.
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PMID:A comparative trial of depot pipothiazine. 287 Sep 44

In 166 women who desired estrogen treatment for menopausal symptoms, psychosocial data were obtained prior to treatment, six weeks, three months and six months after treatment. The data were obtained by questionnaire and psychometric testing. 1. Of the 25% of women with significant depressive tendencies (according to EDS) 7 of 10 were also very anxious (according to EDS). 2. Emotional stability (according to MPI-N) present in every third woman without depressive mood changes but only in 3% of women with depressive changes. 3. Every third woman with depressive changes reported sexual fantasies or dreams. Only 3% of the women without depression had these fantasies. Discharge was complained of twice as often by depressive women (according to EPS) than in those without depression. 4. Pain on micturition was a complaint of half the women with depressive mood but only 1/8 of those without depression. 5. Heart palpitations were complained of by women without depression only half as often as by the other women. 6. The satisfaction with the role as women had a significant relationship to depression scores as expected. 7. The antidepressive and anxiolytic effect of estrogen treatment in the menopause was shown objectively by psychometric studies. The findings are discussed in view of a gynaecological office practice.
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PMID:[Depression and climacteric (psychometric studies on 116 women in a gynecologic polyclinic)]. 692 15

Doctors' prescription and dosing behaviour was investigated using data from 9 clinical trials in 550 patients treated with psychotropics. 7 trials were conducted under double- and 2 under single-blind conditions. In 3 of these trials, oral and i.m. preparations were used demanding a double-dummy design. All patients were evaluated on a weekly or 2-week basis using psychopathological rating scales (i.e. Hamilton Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Depression Scale, Clinical Global Impressions, Simpson and Angus EPS). It was found that (a) oral-medication titration was 3- to 4-fold more broad-ranging than i.m. medication titration, (b) oral placebo was titrated to the same extent as the oral investigational drugs, and (c) the titration schedule did not follow protocol requirements. Moreover, the average doses in all drug and placebo groups were the same. Concomitant medication like sleep inducers was found to be more closely related to doctors' habits than to actual medical need. Independent of trial and investigational drug, 10-33% of all patients received additional sleep inducers.
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PMID:Correct titration of non-drugs and some other methodological issues. 796 57

The results of an open tolerability and exploratory efficacy study of bretazenil, a partial benzodiazepine-receptor agonist in hospitalized schizophrenic patients with an acute psychotic episode (DSM-III-R criteria), are presented. The duration of the study was 6 weeks, with a mandatory titration (ascending doses of 3-18 mg/day) period of 14 days. The assessment criteria for tolerability were the frequency of adverse events (including EPS), vital signs and laboratory tests. The efficacy criteria, which were only descriptively analysed, were: (a) Clinical Global Impression (CGI, percentage of "very much" and "much" improvement); and (b) change in BPRS total score (e.g. percentage of patients showing > or = 40% decrease of BPRS score at the end of the treatment). Sixty-six patients (aged 21-62 years) with acute episodes of schizophrenia of moderate to marked severity (mean BPRS score = 46.3, range 26-76) were included in the study. Of these 66 patients (68%) were reportedly non-responders (n = 10) or partial responders (n = 35) to previous neuroleptic therapy. Twenty patients (30%) terminated the trial prematurely due to therapeutic failure (no improvement or worsening after 2 weeks of treatment), 17% of patients dropped out due to other reasons (transfer to other hospitals, withdrawal of consent, intercurrent diseases) and 4.5% of patients stopped the treatment due to adverse reactions. Four patients (6%) showed early complete remission and refused to be further treated. The analysis of efficacy (intention-to-treat) revealed a sustained decrease of BPRS scores with 49% of patients showing > or = 40% BPRS score change by the end of the treatment. Forty-four per cent of patients improved "very much" or "much". Eleven patients (17%) were full responders (BPRS score decrease 75-100%) and 21 patients (32%) showed at least 40% reduction of BPRS score. The reduction of BPRS scores in completers only was 60%. All BPRS factor scores decreased in parallel and, particularly, no preferential decrease of anxiety/depression subscores was found. The analysis of tolerability showed that 59% of patients presented no complaints at all. The most frequent treatment-related adverse reactions in the remaining patients were: sedation (n = 14), dizziness (n = 4) and headache (n = 3). The results of this study suggest moderate antipsychotic efficacy of bretazenil in schizophrenic patients. They encourage further investigations of partial benzodiazepine-receptor agonists in this indication, particularly because of the excellent tolerability and lack of extrapyramidal side-effects.
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PMID:Antipsychotic effects of bretazenil, a partial benzodiazepine agonist in acute schizophrenia--a study group report. 890 33

Although the clinical symptoms of severe depression are easily recognized, this is not always the case in minimal forms or in certain masked depressions. Failure to respond to appropriate treatment may then be taken to indicate the possible existence of specific and organic sleep disorders with clinical symptoms similar to those of depressive illness. Sleep disorders mainly comprise sleep apnea and periodic movement of the lower limbs. Diagnosis can only be confirmed by EPS before a specific treatment is selected : correct diagnosis of the disorder is essential, particularly for sleep apnea, since standard drug therapy for depression and anxiety disorders often includes benzodiazepines, which, through the depressant effect they exert on the respiratory centers, only worsen symptoms.
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PMID:[Poorly understood sleep disorders in depression]. 892 76

The aim of this study was to show that objective extrapyramidal symptoms (O-EPS) were strongly correlated to negative and depressive symptoms while subjective extrapyramidal symptoms (S-EPS) were not. Ninety-one schizophrenic patients were evaluated by the Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale (ESRS), Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). While significant correlations were found between O-EPS and SANS (r = 0.51; p < 0.001) and between O-EPS and MADRS (r = 0.26; p < 0.01), no significant relationship existed between S-EPS and SANS (r = 0.19) or MADRS (r = 0.19). Similar results regarding the relationships between EPS and SANS were found in stabilized and acute subgroups and in deficit and nondeficit subgroups. A stepwise multiple regression showed that 41% of the variance of the SANS scores was due to facial mask and bradykinesia, and that 17% of the variance of the MADRS scores was due to facial mask and akathisia. This study shows the interest of evaluating subjective parkinsonism symptoms over objective ones since they are less interrelated to other symptoms, in particular to negatives ones.
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PMID:Objective and subjective extrapyramidal side effects in schizophrenia: their relationships with negative and depressive symptoms. 1077 70

The relationship between water and activated sludge components was examined. Reevaluation of published data on freezing point depression, drying rates and dewatering has been performed. The basis of this has been the assumption that the water/sludge relationship is considered to be a colligative effect. Since the results indicate this to be the case, we suggest that the published concepts of "pools of water" are false. Data on swelling properties of EPS as a function of pH suggests that the colligative properties are largely determined by the counterions of charged polymers and surfaces.
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PMID:Remember the water--a comment on EPS colligative properties. 1138 64

We present a 15-year-old girl with depression, an obsessive compulsive disorder and conduct disorder, who developed EPS (torticollis, bradykinesia and cogwheel rigidity) while on fluoxetine. No other cause of EPS was present. The patient responded well to benztropine but re-experienced EPS when benztropine was stopped. Fluoxetine and benztropine were used concomitantly for 21.2 months and the patient has been off medication for 2 months without EPS. This case report shows that EPS can and does occur in youth with SSRI. Clinicians should be aware of the SSRIs as a potential causative factor for EPS.
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PMID:Fluoxetine-induced extrapyramidal symptoms in an adolescent: a case report. 1204 1


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