Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During the last 4 years, 225 patients have been referred to the Danish Cholinesterase Research Unit following an episode of prolonged apnoea after suxamethonium. Fourteen patients (6.2%) were found to have a low serum cholinesterase activity due to an acquired deficiency (for instance, liver disease, chronic debilitating disease or carcinoma). One hundred and forty-eight patients (65.8%) had an inherited abnormal serum cholinesterase, and 105 of these patients (46.7%) were homozygous for the atypical enzyme (E1 Ea1). The mean period of apnoea in this latter group was 92 min (range: 25--240). Seventeen patients (7.6%) were heterozygous for the normal and the atypical enzyme (Eu1 Ea1), with a mean apnoea period of 25 min (range: 7--60 min). Twelve patients were found to be heterozygous for the atypical and the silent gene (E(a)1 E(s)1). The mean period of apnoea was 126 min (range: 45--210 min). Fourteen patients had other rare genotypes. The longest mean period of apnoea (170 min, range: 70--330) was found in patients homozygous for the silent gene (Es1 Es1). The silent gene and the fluoride-resistant gene were found in 8.9% and 2.7% of the patients, respectively. In 63 patients (28.1%) both the type and quantity of serum cholinesterase were normal. In 34 of these patients (15.2%), the prolonged apnoea was due to other causes; for example, suxamethonium overdose, hyperventilation and central as well as peripheral respiratory depression. However, in the other 29 patients (12.9%), the reason for the prolonged apnoea could not be established. The possibility therefore exists that these cases represent unknown genotypes.
 ...
PMID:Prolonged apnoea after suxamethonium: an analysis of the first 225 cases reported to the Danish Cholinesterase Research Unit. 72 55

The blood Cholinesterase (ChE) level of malathion in spraymen is continuously monitored through a "built-in warning system" existing under NMEP since the introduction of malathion spraying. The data available from the States of Maharashtra, Punjab and Gujarat revealed that, in spraymen of Punjab, the ChE level in 1988 and 1989 remained normal in about 99.8 per cent spray personnel, and in 1 out of 381 workers, the ChE level fell to 62.5 per cent during 1989. In Gujarat and Maharashtra, the normal level of ChE was maintained in nearly 88 and 98.4 per cent of spray personnel respectively during the spraying period. The ChE level fell to 62.5 per cent in 11.9 per cent of spray staff in Gujarat during 1987 and in 1.5 and 1.6 per cent persons during 1988 and 1989 respectively in Maharashtra. Only in three cases (0.07 per cent) out of 4,100 in Maharashtra showed depression in ChE to 50 per cent in 1988. In none of the above mentioned cases, there was any parasympathetic overstimulation or uneasiness, etc, even then they were withdrawn from spray and were given rest and where needed medical care.
 ...
PMID:Blood Cholinesterase monitoring in spraymen involved in malathion spraying--a health protection measure. 191 69

Cholinesterase (ChE) activity in blood and brain as well as the hippocampal and cortical EEG were investigated in rabbits exposed once a day for a period of two weeks to an organophosphate insecticide, chlorphenvinphos (CVP). The daily dose of CVP was 14.0 mg/kg i.p. ChE activity in plasma and erythrocytes decreased by 60 and 48%, respectively, by the end of exposure and returned to the preexposure level within 35 days. In the exposed animals, killed and dissected a day after, the ChE activity in blood had been found normal, the level of ChE activity in some parts of the brain was still significantly depressed. The spontaneous hippocampal EEG showed no changes as soon as 24 hours after the exposure. However, after a period sufficiently long for the normalization of ChE activity in blood, the hippocampal arousal response (theta rhythm) to click and to a tone associated with pain was found heightened in the exposed rabbits. Moreover, spectral analysis of 5 minute EEG samples revealed a decrease in the content of 7-13 Hz activity in the cortex of the exposed animals as compared to the control ones. The obtained data suggest that exposure to CVP may lead to functional changes in the brain outlasting the period of ChE depression.
 ...
PMID:Brain electrical activity (EEG) after repetitive exposure to chlorphenvinphos an organophosphate anticholinesterase: I. Rabbit. 213 36

The disposition of [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and its metabolites was studied in mice after iv treatment. In addition, disposition of [3H]DFP in selected tissues was correlated with cholinesterase activity and spontaneous activity following DFP treatment. Within 1 min of administration [3H]DFP had penetrated tissues and was already irreversibly bound. The tissue concentrations of [3H]DFP declined in a rapid fashion so that after 2 hr all concentrations were below 50 pg/mg tissue. The major portion of radioactivity was bound to tissue in the form of [3H]diisopropylphosphoric acid (DIP). There was a decline in [3H]DIP with time in all tissues except liver, kidneys, and fat, which reached a maximum at 30 min before declining. The only appreciable quantities of [3H]DIP remaining after 3 days were in liver and kidneys. There was also evidence that [3H]DFP was rapidly hydrolyzed to free [3H]DIP which was found in all tissues within 1 min of [3H]DFP administration. [3H]DIP concentrations were equivalent to or exceeded those of [3H]DFP in all tissues, except brain. Cholinesterase inhibition in plasma, diaphragm, and brain following DFP treatment (1 mg/kg, iv) was temporarily correlated with the concentrations of bound [3H]DIP in these same tissues between 1 hr and 3 days. Cholinesterase inhibition in brain and diaphragm did not correlate well with bound [3H]DIP at earlier time points which suggested the presence of noncholinesterase binding. DFP treatment (1 mg/kg) also induced motor hypoactivity which lasted up to 6 hr after iv injection. The time course of motor hypoactivity was not correlated with free [3H]DFP, bound [3H]DIP concentrations in the brain, or with cholinesterase inhibition in the brain, which suggested that noncholinesterase bound [3H]DIP was responsible for this CNS depression.
 ...
PMID:Biodisposition of [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate in mice. 397

The biodisposition of [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) and its metabolites was studied in mice after inhalation administration. In addition, the time course of DFP-induced cholinesterase inhibition in selected tissues, hypothermia, and motor coordination were studied to determine a possible correlation with [3H]DFP, or its metabolites. The time course of tissue concentrations of [3H]DFP showed that [3H]DFP rapidly penetrated all tissues and was quickly hydrolyzed to [3H]diisopropylphosphoric acid (free [3H]DIP) or was covalently bound to tissue (bound [3H]DIP). By 1 hr, the greater portion of the radioactivity was in the form of bound [3H]DIP. Cholinesterase inhibition in brain, lung, diaphragm, and plasma was temporally related to concentrations of bound [3H]DIP between 5 min and 1 day, except at early time points for the lung. Motor incoordination (rotarod test) produced by DFP exposure had a rapid onset, with complete recovery by 10 hr. DFP-induced hypothermia (rectal temperature) had a very similar time-course profile to that of motor incoordination. The time course of hypothermia and motor incoordination was correlated with neither free [3H]DFP nor bound [3H]DIP concentrations in the brain, nor with cholinesterase inhibition in brain. These findings suggest that non-cholinesterase bound [3H]DIP may contribute to the depression of these centrally mediated effects.
 ...
PMID:Relationship between the pharmacological effects and the biodisposition of [3H]diisopropylfluorophosphate in mice after inhalation. 403 91

Development of the neuromuscular junction on differentiating muscle was investigated in the regenerating limb of the newt Triturus. Motor end-plate formation begins when vesicle-filled axon terminations approach differentiating muscle cells that have reached the stage of a multinucleate cell containing myofibrils. Slight ridges or elevations occur on the muscle surface, and there is an increase in density of the cytoplasm immediately beneath the plasma membrane of the elevation. The axon becomes more closely approximated to the muscle cell and comes to lie in a shallow depression or gutter on the surface of the muscle. The surface ridges increase in length and constrict at their bases to form junctional folds. In the axon terminal, focal accumulations of vesicles are found where the axon contour projects slightly opposite the secondary synaptic clefts. Cholinesterase activity in the developing junctions was demonstrated by the thiolacetic acid-lead nitrate method. Enzymatic activity is not found on intercellular nerve fibers or the muscle surface prior to close approximation of axon endings and muscle. Eserine- and DFP-sensitive activity appears concurrently with morphological differentiation. Activity occurs in membranous tubulovesicles in the sarcoplasm subjacent to the neuromuscular junction and in association with the sarcolemma. The largest reaction deposits occur at the tips of the emerging junctional folds. Smaller and less numerous localizations occur on the axon membrane and within the axoplasm. It is concluded from these studies that the nerve endings have an inductive effect on both the morphological and chemical specializations of the neuromuscular junction.
 ...
PMID:Development of the neuromuscular junction. I. Cytological and cytochemical studies on the neuromuscular junction of differentiating muscle in the regenerating limb of the newt Triturus. 579 31

A purified extract from the muscles of the fish Scarus gibbus (93% scaritoxin and 7% ciguatoxin) was tried on anesthetized cats and isolated guinea-pig atria. Intra-venous injection to cats (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg) induced deep respiratory depression, inhibition of duodenal contractions, increased salivary secretion, mydriasis and lacrymal secretion. Heart rate was slowed by 17 to 44 per cent. Impaired cardiac conduction led to different types of blocks. On the contrary, cardiac excitability was enhanced, as evidenced by the occurence of many auricular and mostly ventricular extra-systoles, often evolving into long periods of ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia. The rate of contraction of isolated guinea-pig atria was equally depressed and this effect was antagonized by atropine. The duration of the refractory period was shortened; an inotropic effect was observed and the action of acetylcholine was potentiated by the toxin. Cholinesterase inhibition by scaritoxin, previously mentioned in other papers, is thus evidenced. Mydriasis and duodenal inhibition may be tentatively explained by a nicotinic effect on the sympatheticoadrenal system. This mechanism may be responsible for cardiac inotropic action and increased excitability. Other mechanisms may be suggested, including a possible digitalis-like effect due to a cyclopentanone ring in the scaritoxin molecule. Interestingly, intra-venous injections of the antiarrythmic drug procainamide (20 to 30 mg/kg) could either prevent or reverse the signs of cardiac hyperexcitability in the anesthetized cat. However, death results usually from respiratory depression, the intimate mechanism of which is not yet known.
 ...
PMID:[Autonomic effects of scaritoxin in the cat and guinea pig. Cardiac protection by an anti-arrhythmia agent]. 622 40

Recognition of exposure to imidan was assessed in goats by dialkyl phosphate concentrations, blood cholinesterase (ChE) determinations, and blood imidan concentrations. Groups of three goats received 5.0 mg imidan/kg/day (low dose) or 10 mg imidan/kg/day (high dose) for 7 days orally. One goat received no imidan and one goat received an acute single dose (200 mg/kg). The urine of all treated goats was examined for the excretory dialkyl phosphates, O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate (DMDTP) and O,O-dimethyl phosphorothionate (DMTP). The overall mean DMDTP urinary concentration was 19.1 ppm (10-mg/kg treatment group) and 7.2 ppm (5-mg/kg treatment group). These metabolites rapidly disappeared following removal of the treatment except in those goats clinically affected. Milk contained no identifiable concentrations of dialkyl phosphates. Cholinesterase depression was observed in all imidan-treated goats, and a dose effect was observed. No imidan was detected in whole blood of either the 5- or 10-mg/kg treatment groups. Low blood concentrations (ppb) of imidan were measured in the acute single-dose exposed goat. Both urinary DMDTP and blood ChE provided recognition of imidan exposure. DMDTP, however, was immediately present in urine after exposure and provided stronger support for organophosphate exposure than did blood ChE.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of measurement of dialkyl phosphates in milk/urine and blood cholinesterase and insecticide concentrations in goats exposed to the organophosphate insecticide, imidan. 669 74

The response to suxamethonium was assessed in 20 women undergoing tubal ligation on the first or second post-partum day and in 20 women undergoing interval tubal ligation. The dose of suxamethonium which produced 80% depression of control twitch height was significantly lower in the puerperal patients. Similarly, recovery times following injection of a 20-mg bolus of the drug were significantly longer in the post-partum than the non-obstetric group. Cholinesterase activity, determined in six post-partum women, was inversely related to the time to maximal recovery. Thus, smaller doses of suxamethonium are required in the early puerperium.
 ...
PMID:A comparison of the response to suxamethonium in post-partum and gynaecological patients. 712 65

A new flowable formulation containing coumaphous, an organophosphate compound, will be used as an insecticide on cattle. It was evaluated for human and cattle safety. The oral LD50 for female rats was 37 mg of formulation/kg and the dermal LD50 for male rabbits was 500 mg/kg. The inhalation LC50 in female rats was 303 micrograms/L. Dermal sensitization in guinea pigs or eye irritation in rabbits were not observed. The formulation was a mild dermal irritant on rabbits, but the erythema reversed itself within 7 days. Spray safety evaluations in cattle included a single application, 2 treatments at 14 day interval, and 2 treatments at 28-day intervals with both 0.5 (highest label rate) and 2.5% (5X) concentrations. Dip vat treatments of cattle included 2 applications at a 7-day interval in 0.3% (highest label rate) and single applications with 0.6% (2X) and 1.2% (4X) concentrations. The cattle did not show significant clinical signs of toxicity nor did trends develop in clinical pathology. The lowest whole blood cholinesterase mean value for cattle sprayed once with a 0.5% concentration was 80% of the pretreatment value at 14 days post-treatment. The cattle receiving 2 dip vat treatments of a 0.3% concentration at a 7 day interval had their lowest cholinesterase reading (53% of pretreatment value) 10 days after the second treatment. Cholinesterase depression in cattle receiving higher than use rate treatment was related to the concentration applied.
 ...
PMID:Toxicology studies conducted in laboratory animals and cattle with coumaphos flowable formulation. 718 41


1 2 3 4 Next >>