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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A histological and immunohistological analysis of lymph nodes after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) was performed to investigate the microarchitecture of the lymphatic tissue and the phenotype of the recovering lymphoid cells. The study included four patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia who had died between 0.5 and 12 months after transplantation. The study yielded the following results: 1. All lymph nodes, irrespective of length of the survival period, exhibited severe atrophy of the lymphoreticular tissue with marked depletion of lymphocytes and dilatation of the sinuses. The number of lymphoid cells increased considerably with time after transplantation. 2. The main constituents of the recovering immune system were mature T lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+ cells in nearly equal numbers) and macrophages. The earliest signs of recovery of the immune system could already be detected 0.5 month after BMT. 3. Extreme paucity of B lymphocytes was a prominent finding in all lymph nodes studied. True lymphatic follicles and germinal centres were never detected. 4. Polytypic plasma cells were seen in low or moderate numbers mainly in the lymph node sinuses, while neither marked plasmacytic hyperplasia nor even a monotypic pattern were found. 5. Immune-accessory reticulum cells were detected only in the lymph nodes of the patient who survived 12 months. 6. Natural killer cells occurred only in low numbers irrespective of the duration of survival after BMT. Altogether, the histopathological lymph node findings clearly reflect the marked long-standing depression of the immune responses seen after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Since three of the four patients had shown signs of acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease, the histological findings presumably do not fully reflect the normal reconstitution of the immune system, but may have been modified by phenomena related to graft-versus-host disease.
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PMID:Lymph node morphology after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia: a histological and immunohistological study focusing on the phenotype of the recovering lymphoid cells. 329 90

In a retrospective analysis of 199 cases of myeloproliferative diseases a concomitant plasma cell dyscrasia was found in three out of 46 patients with idiopathic myelofibrosis. Chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythemia vera or unclassifiable myeloproliferative disorders were in no case associated with monoclonal gammopathy. One patient with idiopathic myelofibrosis had primarily coexistent IgG-lambda paraproteinemia and increasing osteolytic lesions; histologic evidence of multiple myeloma, however, was insufficient. In the second patient the interval between diagnosis of idiopathic myelofibrosis and IgG-kappa paraproteinemia was 11 years. After a stable period of 9 years' duration the paraprotein level rapidly increased, associated with depression of normal background immunoglobulins and progressive bone marrow failure. The exact nature of this patient's malignant plasma cell dyscrasia remained uncertain. In the third case benign monoclonal gammopathy of the IgM-lambda type was diagnosed 13 years after idiopathic myelofibrosis. A review of the literature confirms a remarkably high incidence of monoclonal gammopathies in idiopathic myelofibrosis. Benign monoclonal gammopathy seems to occur in at least 8% of the patients while only a few cases of concomitant multiple myeloma have been reported. It may be speculated that plasma cell dyscrasias in idiopathic myelofibrosis reflect involvement of the lymphoid lineage in the neoplastic stem cell disorder.
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PMID:Frequent association of idiopathic myelofibrosis with plasma cell dyscrasias. 335 2

Induced systemic arterial hypotension by intravenous nitroprusside administration and by acute arterial occlusion in sheep have been found to reduce lymphocyte traffic as mirrored in the output of lymphocytes into the efferent lymph of peripheral lymph nodes. In the present series of experiments in sheep with chronically cannulated efferent lymphatics of peripheral lymph nodes, induced and monitored systemic arterial hypertension with intravenous pump infusions of phenylephrine or dopamine both produced sharp increases in the output of lymphocytes into efferent lymph in all of 27 studies. The increases in lymphocyte output with dopamine were more sustained and less associated with evidence of lymphoid tissue damage than with phenylephrine. Phenylephrine infusions were attended by a high incidence of gross bleeding into the efferent lymph, of increased coagulability of efferent lymph in the absence of gross bleeding and of prolonged depression of lymphocyte outputs after the cessation of intravenous infusion.
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PMID:Increased outputs of lymphocytes in lymph efferent from the lymph nodes of sheep during systemic arterial hypertension induced by phenylephrine or dopamine. 344 45

In this report we present a model for the introduction of immunocompetent populations during murine gestation and the subsequent detection of allogeneic cells in the offspring. A highly sensitive in vitro assay, the primed lymphocyte cytotoxicity assay, which can detect extremely low numbers of allogeneic cells residing within host tissue is described. Primed cytotoxic T cells specific for class I antigens were found to be restimulated by as few as 10-50 allogeneic spleen cells from within 10,000 syngeneic neonatal spleen or liver cells. Various tissues derived from neonatal mice which had been placentally injected 1 or 10 days previously were found to contain markedly different percentages of "chimeric" cells in the neonatal organs examined. Notably, while spleen and lung contained more allogeneic cells early following injection, 10 days later the liver contained the highest percentage and the thymus and spleen a significantly lower percentage of allogeneic cells. These findings are discussed with respect to the possible enhancement or depression of the offspring's immune responsiveness following interaction with alloantigen bearing lymphoid cells.
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PMID:Utilization of antigen specific cytotoxic T-cells as a sensitive approach to investigate the fate of placentally injected allogeneic lymphocytes. 350 Mar 8

The immunosuppression first introduced in the 1950s acted indiscriminately, blocking or damaging all the cells that happened to be in mytosis. The toxic side effects were usually so severe that the overall results were not considered satisfactory. The major drawback to the commonly used combination of steroids and cytotoxic drugs is the high risk of overwhelming infections. The next step was the development of lymphocytotoxic drugs or procedures which were restricted to the elimination of the immunocompetent cells. This was achieved by the use of total lymphoid irradiation, thoracic duct cannulation, antilymphocyte globulin, L-asparaginase and steroids. Steroids not only intervene at many points of the immune response, but they also possess a remarkable anti-inflammatory potency. The current or third stage is that of immunopharmacology, which is characterized by selective immunoregulation using compounds or methods that specifically modulate defined subpopulations of immunocompetent cells. Ciclosporin is the first drug that fulfilled these requirements to some extent and that has proved of permanent clinical value. The new technology of monoclonals has allowed the production of highly specific antibodies directed toward lymphocyte subsets. The modulation of lymphokines is another potential approach for both immunosuppression and immunostimulation. The final phase of immunosuppression will be the induction of antigen-specific depression of allograft reactivity. Classical transplantation tolerance has been induced in a developing immune system, but it is virtually impossible to achieve in a fully developed immune system.
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PMID:The mode of action of immunosuppressive drugs. 350 52

Malignant lymphoma was diagnosed in a 3-year-old, male Sinclair(S-1) miniature pig with acute anorexia, depression, fever, and markedly enlarged inguinal lymph nodes. Results of an initial hemogram indicated a leukocyte count of 121,489 cells/mm3. Most of the leukocytes were mononuclear cells of various sizes, nuclear chromatin pattern, number of nucleoli, amount of cytoplasm, and amount of staining. Cytochemical staining and flow cytometric evaluation of the leukocytes indicated a large number of hypodiploid lymphoblasts in the peripheral blood. Gross necropsy findings included enlargement of all lymph nodes, a pale liver, and multifocal pale areas scattered throughout the kidneys. Microscopic examination indicated massive infiltration of abnormal lymphoid cells into most major organs and complete loss of normal morphologic features of all lymph nodes.
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PMID:Malignant lymphoma in a Sinclair miniature pig. 351 78

The immune effects of Elliptinium (2-methyl-9-hydroxyellipticinium, 9-HME), a chemical recently shown to possess clinical antineoplastic activity, were investigated in mice. Primary antibody responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigens, DTH reactivity and responsiveness to mitogens were significantly depressed only by post treatment with single drug doses of at least 5 mg/kg i.v., i.e. doses clearly above those known to exert full antitumoral effectiveness and to induce lymphoid cell depletion in the same species. Only drug doses in the LD50 range (i.e. 10 mg/kg) reduced the capacity of NK cells and of activated macrophages to express non-specific cytotoxicity towards tumor target cells. When repeated dose regimens were used, significant immune depression was again seen at doses above those displaying chemotherapeutic activity. Data obtained suggest that at chemotherapeutically effective dosages 9-HME possesses in mice a comparatively low immunodepressive potential and that immune cells mediating natural host defence mechanisms appear especially resistant to this drug.
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PMID:A preliminary analysis of the effects of elliptinium on immune reactivities in mice. 352 14

The conventional agents (azathioprine and steroids) have been the mainstay or organ allograft immunosuppression for the past 20 years. The main drawback of the immunosuppressive agents at present in use is that they act nonspecifically with sequential general depression of the immune system. The introduction of cyclosporin, an undecapeptide of fungal origin, which selectively inhibits T-cell-dependent immuno-reaction has made a significant impact on organ allograft survival rates. Clinical application has been complicated because of renal or hepatotoxicity. Thoracic duct drainage is of historical interest but the use of antilymphocyte serum, despite its chequered history, has recently been shown to be safe and effective in cadaver kidney transplant recipients. There has also been a resurgence of interest in the use of total lymphoid irradiation as an immunosuppressive agent. The introduction of xenogenic monoclonal antibodies with anti-T-cell specificity opened a new era in clinical immunology and OKT3-PAN has emerged as a powerful major immunosuppressive agent with low toxicity.
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PMID:The application, mechanism of action and side-effects of immunosuppressive agents in clinical transplantation. 353 49

In a feasibility study, twenty patients with end-stage diabetic nephropathy were treated with fractionated total-lymphoid irradiation (TLI, mean dose 25 Gy), before transplantation of a first cadaveric kidney. During radiotherapy, only one patient had a serious side effect (bone marrow depression). After transplantation four patients died (one of a myocardial infarction, one of ketoacidosis, and two of infections occurring during treatment of rejection crises). One graft was lost because of chronic rejection. The other 15 patients have a functioning graft (mean follow-up 24 months) and receive low-dose prednisone alone (less than 10 mg/day, n = 11) or in conjunction with cyclosporine (n = 4) as maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. A favorable clinical outcome after TLI (no, or only one, steroid-sensitive rejection crisis) was significantly correlated with a high pre-TLI helper/suppressor lymphocyte ratio, a short interval between TLI and the time of transplantation, and the occurrence of functional suppressor cells early after TLI. The most striking immunological changes provoked by TLI consisted of a long-term depression of the mixed lymphocyte reaction and of the phytohemagglutinin, and Concanavalin A or pokeweed-mitogen-induced blastogenesis. A rapid and complete recovery of the natural killer cell activity was observed after TLI. A permanent inversion of the OKT4+ (T helper/inducer) over OKT8+ (T suppressor/cytotoxic) lymphocyte ratio was provoked by a decrease of the OTK4+ subpopulation, together with a supranormal recovery of the OKT8+ lymphocytes. A majority of the latter lymphocytes did also express the Leu 7 and the Leu 15 phenotype.
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PMID:Immunological and clinical observations in diabetic kidney graft recipients pretreated with total-lymphoid irradiation. 354 93

The effects of food restriction or 20 ppm NO2 exposure on humoral immunity were investigated in normal and adrenalectomized C57Bl/6 mice. The thymic and splenic weights of sham-operated mice were similarly diminished after 4 days of NO2 exposure or 4 days of food depletion. The responses of corresponding adrenalectomized mice were less depressed. Undernutrition induced lymphoid organ involution and corticosteroids were partly involved. Plaque-forming cells (PFC) per spleen and per 10(6) cells were markedly depressed after 4 days of NO2 exposure, but less so after food deprivation. The same significant suppression of PFC was observed in adrenalectomized groups. Depression of humoral immunity was independent of stress-induced endogenous steroids. Moreover, NO2 had a specific effect on humoral immunodepression, food restriction being an associated factor.
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PMID:Evidence for humoral immunodepression in NO2-exposed mice: influence of food restriction and stress. 356 84


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