Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In several cases tobacco smoking fulfills criteria for drug dependence. Withdrawal symptoms after smoking cessation are considered the main cause of relapses. We reviewed results of controlled clinical drug trials (testing nicotine patch, nicotine nasal spray, clonidine, buspirone and doxepin) in smoking cessation. End of treatment quit rates at 3 months with nicotine patch vary between 14% and 39% and one year quit rates between 9% et 26%. Studies with nasal nicotine spray give similar results but nicotine spray is less well tolerated than nicotine patch. The therapeutic effectiveness of nicotine patch seems to be insufficient and there is only one report of long term (> 1 year) results which should be the main goal of treatments used in smoking cessation. A therapeutic approach with psychotropic drugs founded on a better characterization of dependent smokers' psychopathology (depression, anxiety...) may be a more promising research field.
 ...
PMID:[Controlled randomized trials of pharmaceutic aids for smoking cessation. Results and perspectives]. 787 97

A high risk of suicide was found in young drug addicts. The risk was especially serious when drug addiction was accompanied by severe personality disorder, depression, or both. Lifetime rates of completed suicide in drug addicts are estimated at 2.5-7.0%, and rates of suicide attempts at 8.0-17.2%. These age-adjusted rates are 5-20 times greater than for the general population. 2 cases of completed suicides by drug addicts in a psychiatric hospital, a man of 32 and a woman of 26, are presented. We recommend increased precaution in handling drug addicts, as for depressed patients with a high suicide risk.
 ...
PMID:[Risk of suicide in young drug addicts]. 795 93

Many studies have focused on the special needs of American Indian populations. Some of these studies have special impact on Indian veterans. These can be grouped for consideration around cultural and personal identity problems. These problems are multifaceted and interacting. They bear directly on the community and individual self-esteem. The four major points of these problems are stress, depression, alcohol/drug dependence, and racism.
 ...
PMID:Stress, depression, substance abuse, and racism. 798 80

The incidence of chemical dependence within nursing challenges the profession to explore the phenomena of chemical dependence and its recovery. Nurses (N = 58) who were peer assistance participants were studied to examine relationships between social support and depression. Social support was found to be significantly related to depression in this sample (r = -.642, p < .001). Over half of the sample initiated chemical use prior to completing nursing education. The findings of this study imply the need for researchers to target both practicing nurses and student nurses in future research intended to further explore chemical dependency in nursing.
 ...
PMID:The relationship between social support and depression in recovering chemically dependent nurses. 834 Jan 18

Chemical dependence is a leading cause of morbidity and death in the United States. At least 20% of patients seen by primary care physicians in both the outpatient and inpatient setting are chemically dependent. Up to 90% of these patients go undiagnosed by their primary physicians. Chemical dependence is defined as a chronic, progressive illness characterized by the repeated and persistent use of alcohol or drugs despite negative health, family, work, financial, or legal consequences. Primary care physicians are in an ideal position to detect chemical dependence at its earliest stages, when irreversible medical consequences and death are most likely preventable. Alcohol is the most common drug of abuse. Improving the rate of recognition of chemical dependence depends on being familiar with the constellation of physical, mental, and social indicators. Early medical manifestations of alcoholism common in the primary care setting include: gastric complaints, elevated blood pressure, palpitations, traumatic injuries, headaches, impotence, and gout. Early psychosocial manifestations common in both alcohol and drug dependence include anxiety, depression, insomnia, persistent relationship conflicts, work or school problems, and financial or legal problems. Particularly useful laboratory indicators of alcoholism include elevated levels of GGT and MCV, both displaying high specificity, with the GGT level being the most sensitive. Similarly specific laboratory tests for drug dependence are not available. Any patient presenting with any of the above medical, psychosocial, or laboratory manifestations should be screened for chemical dependence. The CAGE questionnaire for alcoholism, a four-question test, is particularly well suited to the primary care setting, where it can be administered in fewer than 60 seconds. The CAGE has demonstrated high sensitivity (in the 80% range) and specificity (approximately 85%) for alcoholism. Comparably convenient instruments do not yet exist for drug dependence, although a 28-item instrument, the DAST (Drug Abuse Screening Test), has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for drug abuse.
 ...
PMID:Early recognition of chemical dependence. 846 47

This paper examines the impact of a history of conduct disorder on major depression in adulthood, including its symptomatology, comorbidity and response to tricyclic antidepressants. 103 subjects with DSM-III-R major depression were assessed for DSM-III-R axis I and II comorbidity, severity of depression, social functioning, general psychiatric symptomatology, early familial environment and family psychiatric history. 18 patients (17%) had a history of conduct disorder, 32 (31%) were subthreshold, and 53 (51%) had no childhood symptoms of conduct disorder. Depressed adults with a history of conduct disorder had significantly higher lifetime alcohol and drug dependence and virtually all (17/18, 94%) met criteria for a personality disorder. Despite this, the current episode of depression did not differ in severity, symptoms or response to treatment except that those with a history of conduct disorder were more likely to be agitated when depressed. The authors conclude that a history of conduct disorder is depressed patients predicts the presence of adult personality disorders and psychoactive substance dependence. In most other ways, depressed subjects with a history of conduct disorder were similar to other subjects.
 ...
PMID:The effect of a history of conduct disorder in adult major depression. 868 78

The diagnosis of depression has been viewed as an important factor in the treatment response for those who have alcohol and other drug dependence. The objective of the study was to examine the prevalence of a lifetime history of major depression in inpatients with a substance use disorder in addictions treatment. An evaluation study of 6,355 patients was conducted in inpatient and outpatient addictions treatment programs from 41 sites. Subjects were required to have a substance use disorder and to be evaluated for a lifetime diagnosis of major depression according to DSM-III-R criteria. The rate of a lifetime diagnosis of major depression was 43.7%. The most common diagnosis was alcohol dependence, followed by cocaine dependence, and cannabis dependence). Depression was associated in significantly greater numbers with diagnoses involving drugs other than alcohol, in females greater than in males, with number and frequency of use, and in inpatient programs more than outpatient programs. The rates for continuous abstinence at one year did not differ between those with and without a lifetime history of depression.
 ...
PMID:Prevalence of depression and alcohol and other drug dependence in addictions treatment populations. 881 80

Insomnia may be periodic and transient, as caused by situational stress, or persistent, as caused by a chronic sleep disorder. Physicians can gain much information concerning the type, probable cause, onset, and duration of insomnia through history taking. A sleep diary may reveal helpful information, and input from the patient's sleeping partner can also be valuable. Complicating disorders, such as heart failure, prostatism, or depression, should be sought and specific treatment prescribed. Chemical dependency, too, requires appropriate treatment. These measures, institution of good sleep-hygiene practices, and behavior modification may resolve sleeplessness. The primary indication for use of hypnotic agents is transient sleep disruption caused by acute stress. When an agent is chosen, onset of action, metabolism, and side effects should be considered, especially in elderly patients. Addictive agents should not be given to patients with substance abuse problems. If insomnia persists, evaluation at a sleep-disorder center is recommended to facilitate design of an appropriate therapeutic regimen.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of insomnia. Getting to the root of sleeping problems. 891 33

Clinico-biological examination of 50 alcoholic patients was carried out. 30 patients were treated with lerivon (L) during 1 month. 15 control patients received amitriptylin for 1 month and 15 patients received relanium for 7 days. It was determined that L was quite effective in treatment of depression in alcoholic patients. The main L effects were anxiolytic, antidepressive and hypnotic. The drug also decreased alcohol addiction, had vegetostabilising and sedative effects. The conclusion was made on pathogenetic action of L in alcoholism: It influences upon dopaminergic mediation in catecholamine system. Administration of L permitted to normalize neurochemical processes underlying alcohol addiction and depression. L was well tolerated. Side effects complications, drug addiction were not registered.
 ...
PMID:[The efficacy and mechanisms of action of lerivon in alcoholism]. 901 56

The concept of addiction is now of interest in psychiatry, but is a great subject of controversies. It is now recognized that as different disorders as alcoholism, drug addiction, bulimia, kleptomania, trichotillomania, pathological gambling are to be considered as addictive states. Other pathological behaviours could be included in the addictive spectrum (i.e. suicidal behaviours, compulsive spending). The comorbidity rates of these disorder are elevated in these populations. For example, high comorbidity rates are found between kleptomania and bulimia or drug addiction and pathological gambling. Polyaddictive states are well established. For some subjects, more than one addiction is present in life-time, but not occurring in the same period. We present three patients in whom different addictive states occurred alternately. All the patients had a history of compulsive spending and kleptomania, two of them had a history of bulimia and sexual compulsion. Some clinical characteristics were common: recurrent mood disorder, depression preceeding the addictive state, no psychoactive substance disorder. In all patients, severity of depressive state decreased when addiction appeared. Depressive symptoms varied inversely to addiction severity. The hypothesis about psychopathological links between kleptomania and bulimia on one hand and mood disorders on the other hand has been known for a long time. Kleptomania as other impulsive disorders is, for some authors, understood in the meaning of a "spectrum affective disorder". For these three patients, an antidepressant effect of the behavioural addictions is suggested. In fact, the addictions appeared alternately. The possibility of common psychopathological and/or biological mechanisms for behavioural addiction is supported by these clinical observations, that could contribute to the addiction concept validity.
 ...
PMID:[Alternating addictions: apropos of 3 cases]. 903 85


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>