Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Designer drugs, chemically altered compounds derived from federally controlled substances, have become a major cause of addiction and overdose deaths. These drugs include mescaline analogs, synthetic opioids, arylhexylamines, methaqualone derivatives and crack, a new form of cocaine. Sudden changes in mood, weight loss, depression, disturbed sleep patterns, deteriorating school or work performance, marital problems, and loss of interest in friends and social activities may be signs of drug addiction. Life-threatening complications of acute intoxication, such as hyperthermia, seizures, combative and psychotic behavior, and cardiorespiratory collapse, require prompt diagnosis and supportive intervention.
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PMID:Substance abuse: the designer drugs. 202 Nov 4

Alcohol and drug dependence among the elderly is common and yet frequently underdiagnosed. The practice of self-administration of prescribed medications, particularly sedative/hypnotics, benzodiazepines, and nonprescription, over-the-counter (OTC) medications is prevalent, with untoward consequences in the geriatric population. Dementia, depression, and anxiety syndromes are some of the consequences of alcohol and drug dependence, and may mimic other causes of these disorders. The clinician's index of suspicion must be high enough to make the proper diagnosis of these alcohol- and drug-induced syndromes. Unnecessary evaluations, improper diagnosis, and ineffective and costly treatments may be avoided if alcohol and drug dependence is identified and treated. Effective treatment for alcohol and drug dependence does exist for the elderly and may be instituted in a cost-effective manner.
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PMID:Alcohol and drug dependence among the elderly: epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. 202 15

This paper assumes that there are two types of stress-related pathology, the orthodox and the paradoxical, both depending on a positive feedback mechanism controlling the stress-related sympathetic discharge. The paradoxical stress response is speculated to be the common basis for a group of conditions, including depression, panic attacks, obesity, sexual deviations, alcoholism, and drug addiction. Evidence is provided that trazodone inhibits the stress-related sympathetic discharge. This would provide a rationale for its use not only in depression, but also in other conditions depending on an exaggeration of the orthodox or paradoxical stress response.
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PMID:The paradoxical stress response: a possible common basis for depression and other conditions. 221 71

The self-reports of a sample of 248 male psychiatric patients on the MCMI-II (Millon, 1987) were factor analyzed at the item level. Principal components analyses with both Varimax and Direct Oblimin rotations were carried out separately on 120 personality disorder items and 51 clinical symptom items. As judged by the scree test, seven factors accounted for the personality disorder items, and five factors accounted for the symptom items. The personality disorder factors were interpreted as Schizotypal, Social Introversion vs. Extraversion, Conformity, Submissive vs. Aggressive, Antisocial, Narcissism, and Hostile Aggression. The symptom factors were hypothesized to represent Depression/Anxiety, Alcohol Dependence, Suicidal Ideation, Hypomania, and Drug Dependence. Agreement with a similar analysis of the MCMI-I was close.
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PMID:Personality and symptom dimensions of the MCMI-II: an item factor analysis. 228 65

This article addresses some of the issues that arise when chemically dependent patients with coexisting psychiatric disorders require medication. A history of chemical dependence may alter prescribing practices, as certain medications may have a higher abuse potential or may enhance the danger of relapse to the primary drug of abuse. Recovering patients have complex attitudes and feelings toward medications that need to be explored, particularly as they affect compliance with prescribed regimens. Issues arising in the treatment of anxiety disorders, depression, and attention deficit disorders are discussed. Guidelines are provided for therapists working with prescribing physicians, and for handling problems that may arise in conjunction with 12-Step program participation.
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PMID:Considerations in using psychotropic medication with dual diagnosis patients in recovery. 266 86

Explored the prognostic significance of treatment and posttreatment variables on rapid relapse following residential treatment for chemical dependence. 54 persons were identified as 3-month treatment failures by the criteria of 1-3 months of alcohol/drug use in combination with alcohol/drug-related consequences and poor life adjustment. To limit heterogeneity, these persons were matched on MMPI scores with persons who were 3-month outcome successes. Additionally, these MMPI patterns were classified as near normal or indicative of psychiatric symptoms. Multivariate statistics revealed a high level of outcome predictability; continued emotional turmoil (depression, anxiety, and sleep problems) posttreatment was strongly related to failure among the psychiatric MMPI group. Failure to engage in a continuing posttreatment aftercare plan was associated with failure among persons in the near-normal MMPI group. Research approaches that attempt to limit heterogeneity among alcoholics appear to have promise in uncovering powerful prognostic indicators.
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PMID:Predicting rapid relapse following treatment for chemical dependence: a matched-subjects design. 270 8

Benzodiazepines are relatively safe compounds. They do, however, have an adverse effect on psychomotor and cognitive functions. A variety of behavioural and mood disturbances have been reported, including increased hostility, depression, antisocial behaviour, paranoid ideation, and suicidal tendencies. Benzodiazepines may produce pharmacological dependence in therapeutic dosage. The typical pattern of a drug dependence syndrome is rare. Dependence is primarily manifested by an abstinence syndrome occurring after the dose of the drug is reduced or treatment is stopped. The problems of distinguishing between the abstinence syndrome and anxiety are highlighted. Withdrawing a patient from benzodiazepines is discussed, as well as the management of the withdrawal syndrome.
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PMID:Benzodiazepines--current safety issues. 286 22

Fifty-six adult females with DSM-III bulimia were evaluated for personal and family histories of other psychopathologies. Forty-three subjects (77%) evidenced mild depression of which 13 (23%) reported moderate-severe symptoms by the Beck Depression Inventory--a finding confirmed with Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the SCL-90-D scale. A personal history of affective disorder was found in 52%, while 59% reported first degree relative(s) with affective disorder. Subjects with first-degree relatives with drug dependence, alcoholism, or depression had an earlier onset of bulimia than those without such relatives. Bulimia may be symptomatically or pathophysiologically related to depression.
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PMID:Bulimia and depression. 293 56

Diet clearly influences neurotransmission. This can be important in grossly undernourished children. It can also be important in children in whom normal homeostatic mechanisms governing food intake are bypassed. Subtle differences in behavior can occur with physiologic variation in food intake. Components of foods can also be used as drugs. Starvation can impair neuronal maturation and can have lasting effects upon behavior and intellectual performance. The extent of starvation's impact upon the brain depends upon whether undernutrition occurred during a critical phase in brain development. Short-term fasting has small, but significant, effects upon intellectual performance. Even when gross malnutrition is not present, subtle changes in diet may modulate brain function. Tryptophan, tyrosine, and choline in the diet are used as precursors for neuronal synthesis of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, and acetylcholine, respectively. It is likely that the brain's sensitivity to certain components of the diet exists to permit monitoring of food intake by the central nervous system. Tryptophan, tyrosine, and choline may be useful in treatment of humans with sleep disorders, pain depression, mania, hypertension, shock, or dyskinesias. Other components of the diet that may affect behavior include food additives, sugar, and caffeine. Food additives may exacerbate hyperactive symptoms in a small proportion of children with attention deficit disorder. Given that there is little potential for harm and that there is a subpopulation that may respond, a trial of a diet that contains no food additives may be a valid diagnostic approach for children with attention deficit disorder who do not respond to stimulant therapy or for children for whom stimulant therapy is not desired. Refined sugar has been blamed for many behavioral abnormalities. Subtle effects of carbohydrate upon behavior have been reported, but the existing data do not support the hypothesis that sucrose or fructose exert special effects upon neurotransmission. Caffeine is easily detected as a stimulant by humans, but it has little effect upon cognitive function. Administration of large doses of vitamins has no beneficial effect in most humans with schizophrenia, attention deficit disorder, autism, Down's syndrome, or drug addiction. Large doses of niacinamide may even be harmful, as they may cause hepatic damage.
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PMID:Dietary influences on neurotransmission. 302 51

Contrasting the classification systems ICD-9 and DSM-III-R, a comparison of diagnoses for unipolar depressive disorders is presented from a sample of 168 psychiatric outpatients. A relatively clear correspondence existed between ICD-9 endogenous depression and DSM-III-R major depression. Neurotic depression (ICD-9) divided into either dysthymia or major depression in DSM-III-R. A generally greater variety of corresponding ICD-9 diagnoses was observed for DSM-III-R categories, since patients with eating disorders, alcohol or drug dependence, or with neuroses other than depressive type often received an additional specific DSM-III-R diagnosis for depression. For ICD-9 diagnostics, a decreased threshold was found for diagnosing depressive reaction, as compared with the equivalent DSM-III-R diagnosis of adjustment disorder with depressed mood. A new technique is introduced in order to adjust corresponding proportions according to base rate differences.
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PMID:Divergence and convergence of diagnoses for depression between ICD-9 and DSM-III-R. 321 19


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