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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

By reviewing causes of death among cohorts of various major disease entities or conditions, one may infer that a large majority of suicides are associated with a relatively small number of conditions. From the available follow-up studies, we might estimate that the following percentage of affected individuals will die by suicide: primary (endogenous) depression, 15 per cent; reactive (neurotic) depression, 15 per cent; alcoholism, 15 per cent; schizophrenia, 10 per cent; psychopathic personality, 5 per cent; opiate addiction, 10 per cent or more. Rough estimates of the number of suicides per year in the United States attributable to each condition might be as follows (using low incidence figures): depression, 12,900; alcoholism, 6,900; schizophrenia, 3,800; psychopathy, 2,000 (?); drug addiction, 900.
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PMID:Conditions predisposing to suicide: a review. 32 25

We studied the psychological and emotional problems experienced by seven children and their families who underwent bone marrow transplantation at the University of Colorado Medical Center from 1973 to 1975. These problems included (1) anxiety and depression relating to isolation, fear of death, and painful procedures; (2) an overdependence associated with a feeling of helplessness; (3) anger directed toward both the staff and the parents; (4) a reduced tolerance for medical procedures; and (5) periodic refusal to cooperate. Initially we had been concerned that patients might become agitated, psychotic, or even suicidal. These did not occur. Severe anxiety over bodily changes was not a problem. We did not encounter prolonged refusal to cooperate, refusal to remain in isolation, or drug addiction. Important aspects in management included an honest, straightforward, and direct discussion of all aspects of transplantation, including the potential complications and the risks of death from the underlying disease or from complications of transplantation. A firm but understanding approach to the patients appeared to be the most effective method to develop their continuing cooperation. The opportunity for patients to express verbally their fears of procedures and of death was essential. The donors needed help in working through their feelings of guilt if a transplant was not successful. The parents needed continuing psychological support for the many personal, social, and psychological difficulties which they had to face.
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PMID:Psychological issues in bone marrow transplantation. 40 Jul 8

The coroner's records of 110 accidental deaths resulting from poisoning, drowning and falling were examined for evidence of mental illness. Sixty per cent were classified as mentally ill before they died, depression, drug dependence and alcoholism accounting for over three-quarters of the diagnoses. Deaths given accident verdicts should be included in the study of the mortality of the mentally ill.
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PMID:Psychiatric morbidity in a sample of accidents. 84 73

An investigation was undertaken into the first admissions to (for the years 1963, 1965, 1968, 1972) and the total discharges from (for the years 1963-72) Scottish mental hospitals and psychiatric units of male doctors and other social class I males. The overall rates for both first admission and for all discharges were more than twice as high among male doctors as among other social class I males. First admission and total discharge rates for drug dependence, alcoholism, neurotic and 'functional' depression and for affective psychosis were all significantly higher among doctors than non-doctors. Doctors were more likely than non-doctors to have been referred by themselves or by medical sources other than general practitioners, and were as willing as non-doctors to enter hospital voluntarily. Creater access to psychiatrists may have contributed to their higher rates in in-patient care, but it is improbable that such factors accounted for all of the excess in rates of drug dependence, alcoholism and depression.
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PMID:Psychiatric illness in male doctors and controls: an analysis of Scottish hospitals in-patient data. 88 3

In a study of 106 predominantly young, lower-social-class men participating in a methadone maintenance program, the authors found that about one-third were moderately to severely depressed as assessed on standard rating scales of depression. The depressive symptoms were associated with a decrease in social functioning, increase in stress in the past 6 months, and a history of alcohol abuse. Because the combination of depression and drug addiction creates a high risk for suicide, depressive symptoms require early detection and treatment. The authors point to the need for more research on treatment approaches, particularly the use of psychotropic drugs.
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PMID:Clinical depression among narcotic addicts maintained on methadone in the community. 98 44

Drug addiction among physicians appears to be an occupational hazard, with chronic pain, depression, and the easy availability of drugs major factors leading to addiction. In this study of 46 cases of physician addicts handled by the Virginia State Board of Medicine, meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol) was the most frequent addictive agent. The Virginia disciplinary and therapeutic plan for addicted physicians was effective in successfully rehabilitating and returning to medical practice 72% of the 46 physician addicts reported to the board from 1949 to 1974.
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PMID:Drug addiction among physicians. The Virginia experience. 98 93

Aspects of the morbidity, growth, and psychopathology were studied in 186 children living in the barrio of La Coma, a marginal urban zone of Valencia. The children were compared with 100 controls randomly selected at the emergency room of the La Fe Children's Hospital. The barrio of La Coma contained around 5000 low income and disadvantaged residents. 46% of the population was under 16 and 20% were gypsies. Parents or grandparents of the 186 subjects and 100 controls were interviewed in 1991. 2 groups of 55 subjects and 100 controls aged 12- 14 were formed for the study of mental health. 2 questionnaire scales measuring children's anxiety levels were used, the "State Trait Anxiety Inventory of Children" and the "Children's Anxiety Scale". The "Children's Depression" questionnaire scale was used to measure symptoms of depression, and a scale test was used to obtain personality profiles. Both groups were similar in age, sex, and birth place. The control group had a significantly higher average duration of residence in the current location, 14.46 years vs. 3.86 years. The subject children were significantly less likely to have health coverage and more likely to live in female-headed households. The average educational level of the subject children's parents was lower, they were less likely to own their homes, and they had significantly fewer consumer goods such as telephones, automobiles, and televisions. None of the control children lived in households affected by drug addiction, prostitution, delinquency, or alcoholism, but 13.2% of subject children had at least one family member with one of these conditions. Control children were significantly more likely to have received prenatal care and to be completely vaccinated. No significant differences were observed in rates of prematurity or low birth weight, initiation of breastfeeding, dental caries in children over 15 months old, incidence of respiratory or gastrointestinal illness, weight, or anxiety. Control children were significantly taller than subject children. Subject children had significantly higher rates of depression and of personality disorders and overall psychological pathology.
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PMID:[Morbidity, physical growth and psychopathology in marginal populations in suburban areas]. 163 46

Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in substance abusers, and results in a poorer prognosis and response to traditional chemical dependence and mental health treatment approaches. This article focuses on the use of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of the cocaine addict with secondary depression and provides general clinical treatment guidelines. It also reports on a study in which depressed, methadone-maintained cocaine addicts were treated in a 12-week placebo-controlled trial that compared two pharmacological agents. Patients were randomly assigned to receive placebo, amantadine (a dopamine agonist) or desipramine (a tricyclic antidepressant). The effects of pharmacotherapy were assessed on program retention, cocaine craving, cocaine usage, and depressed mood. Compared to the placebo-treated patients, it was found that the medication-treated depressed patients had a dramatic decrease in their reported cocaine usage (84% versus 17%) and cocaine craving (48% decrease versus 29% increase). Also, the medication-treated depressed patients dramatically increased the percentage of cocaine-free urines compared to the placebo-treated depressed patients who actually decreased their percentage of cocaine-free urines. A measure of depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Index score) increased 100% for the placebo-treated depressed patients, yet remained stable for the medication-treated depressed patients.
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PMID:Pharmacotherapy improves treatment outcome in depressed cocaine addicts. 181 13

Benzodiazepines are generally well tolerated (compared to barbiturates or antidepressants, their side-effects are milder). They may be used safely, their toxicity is low. Benzodiazepine overdosage may be lethal only if the drug is taken simultaneously with other drugs or alcohol. They act primarily through inhibiting the GABA system, their anxiolytic and sedative effects are of primary importance from the psychiatric aspect. Their classification is based on the difference in their receptor affinity (potency) and kinetics. Derivatives of low, medium and high potency are known. The introduction of high potency benzodiazepines in psychiatry has increased the therapeutic means. The major field of indication of benzodiazepine therapy is DSM-III anxiety disorders and insomnias but they may be successfully used in the treatment of manic conditions, schizophrenia, delirium tremens, clinical conditions accompanied by anxiety-depression, acute restlessness, neuroleptic-induced acute distonias, and akathisias. Even if therapeutic doses are used, tolerance to benzodiazepines may develop after some weeks of therapy. The general withdrawal symptoms are not severe, but the rebound symptoms often hinder the discontinuance of the drug or the reduction of doses. When prescribing benzodiazepines the risk of long-term therapy and the prevention of the development of drug addiction have to be considered.
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PMID:Use of benzodiazepines in psychiatry. 181 22

Of 360 alcoholic male inpatients assessed with a diagnostic interview, 106 (29%) were found to have a co-occurring diagnosis of antisocial personality. Of these ASP alcoholics, 86 were further subdivided into those with only ASP and alcoholism (n = 38), those with ASP, alcoholism and drug dependence (n = 30) and those with ASP, alcoholism and depression (n = 18; 9 of whom also had drug abuse). Comparisons among the three antisocial groups indicated that they differed in measures of psychopathology and course and severity of alcoholism. When the ASP groups were compared to an alcoholism only group, an earlier onset, more rapid course and increased percentage of many alcoholism symptoms were found in the ASP groups, confirming the findings of other studies.
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PMID:Antisocial alcoholics: are there clinically significant diagnostic subtypes? 199 25


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