Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In anesthetized cats antidepolarising curare-like drugs anatruxonium, cyclobutonium, diadonium and decadonium in doses lower than myoparalytic ones, completely blocked acetylcholine-induced bradycardia, only slightly changing the hypotensive action. In a myoparalytic dose anatruxonium and cyclobutonium decreased acetylcholine bronchospasm approximately by 50 %, diadonium altered this response in various directions, while decadonium essentially increased the bronchoconstricting action of acetylcholine. Anatuxonium and cyclobutonium failed to affect significantly the ileum, urinary bladder or salivary glands responses to acetylcholine; diadonium increased or did not change these reactions, while decadonium significantly enhanced them. Anatruxonium like atropine antagonized carbachol effects on isolated ileum and spontaneously beating atria of the rat, causing parallel shifts of the concentration-response curves for the agonist with no depression of maximum responses. Still, unlike atropine the affinity (pA2) of anatruxonium for muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors of the atria was higher than that for the receptors of the ileum. The data obtained testify to the heterogenity of muscarine-sensitive acetylcholine receptors of different localisation.
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PMID:Cardiotropic antimuscarinic action of some curare-like agents. 645 62

The effect of a parasitic infection on enterotoxic diarrhea and on local and systemic formation of antibody to the toxin after immunization was studied in mice. Trichinella spiralis infection was chosen as the model, since the effects of the parasite when residing in both intestinal and extraintestinal sites can be studied. It was found that during the intestinal stage of the infection, the fluid response to cholera toxin as well as dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine 3',5' -monophosphate was greatly enhanced and that this was associated with a marked reduction in the absorption of fluid from the intestine. Later in the infection (migration stage), fluid accumulation in response to cholera toxin was significantly reduced, whereas absorption was normal and secretion in response to dibutyryl-cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate was somewhat increased. Still later in the infection (muscular stage), the fluid-secretory response to cholera toxin was normal. There was a drastic depression of local formation of antitoxin of both immunoglobulin and immunoglobulin classes in mice given the first two of four oral immunizations with cholera toxin during the intestinal stage of T. spiralis infection. When the priming was given before or after the intestinal stage, the local antitoxin response was not affected. The titers of circulating antibodies were also depressed in mice given the first immunizations during the intestinal stage. In addition, significant though less pronounced depression of the serum antibody response was observed in mice primed during the extraintestinal stage.
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PMID:Changes in intestinal fluid transport and immune responses to enterotoxins due to concomitant parasitic infection. 722 88

Antidepressant drugs are effective for about three in four people with depression. For reasons that are not understood, individual patients who do not respond to one drug often respond to another. Differences in mechanisms of action may thus be important in determining treatment success or failure. In addition to efficacy, drug side effect profile also determines treatment outcome. In general, the fewer or less severe the side effects of a drug, the greater the degree of compliance with treatment. A major consequence of the introduction of selective serotonin-specific antidepressants is greater patient acceptance due to fewer side effects. Still, some patients are unable to tolerate the nervousness, insomnia, or sexual dysfunction associated with these drugs. Drugs that are even more specific in that they act on specific serotonin receptor subtypes, rather than only by blocking serotonin uptake, may provide efficacy and fewer side effects for patients who do not respond to or tolerate less specific agents.
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PMID:The potential benefits of serotonin receptor-specific agents. 752 27

A number of animal models have been developed to study both the pathophysiology of heart failure and new therapeutic approaches to this complex syndrome. The most widely used preparations today are the models of rapid ventricular pacing in the dog and myocardial infarction in the rat. Other common approaches include surgically induced pressure or volume overload and toxic myocardial depression. There is no ideal animal model that both perfectly imitates human heart failure and is technically feasible in the laboratory. Each model has advantages and specific limitations, and extrapolations from experimental to clinical heart failure therefore require critical evaluation. Still, animal models have provided new insights into many aspects of the complex pathophysiology of this syndrome and have helped to investigate the efficacy of new therapeutic interventions.
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PMID:Characteristics and clinical relevance of animal models of heart failure. 761 74

This paper presents a cost-utility analysis of three maintenance treatments for recurrent depression: interpersonal therapy (IPT-M), imipramine drug therapy (Drug), and a combination of the two. We base our analysis on the results of the University of Pittsburgh's Controlled Clinical Trial of Maintenance Therapies for Recurrent Depression. We construct a Markovian state-transition model to incorporate clinical effectiveness into cost and quality-of-life impacts; we assign empirical values to the parameters of this model; and we then use Monte Carlo analysis to compare the relative cost effectiveness of the different maintenance treatments. For the patients who met the eligibility standards for the study, Drug maintenance treatment is cost-effective in the strongest sense of the term compared to either a placebo group or IPT-M: it both improves expected lifetime health (measured in quality-adjusted life years, or QALYs) and reduces direct medical costs. This is true even when relatively severe side effects of the drug are considered. Compared to the placebo group, IPT-M and the combination of IPT-M and Drug each improve expected lifetime health, although in neither case are expected direct medical costs reduced. Still, the cost of the resulting health improvements, under $5000/QALY, are very reasonable. A similar conclusion holds comparing Drug and IPT-M to IPT-M alone. All of the above conclusions are quite robust to sensitivity analyses.
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PMID:Cost utility analysis of maintenance treatment for recurrent depression. 774 86

The question of whether sleep disorders are part of the clinical picture of depression or of its aetiology remains unanswered. Still, clinical observation in general, polysomnographic studies and the observed antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation, clearly indicate the intimate relationship between sleep disturbances and depression.
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PMID:Sleep disorders and depression: the 'chicken and egg' situation. 779 56

The introduction of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III), which uses a descriptive approach to operational definitions of psychiatric diagnostic groups, is an important step forward. Still the present classification systems of DSM or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) are preliminary. A systematic descriptive approach based on data collection as a foundation for diagnostic definitions is strongly recommended. Data-based definitions have a good change of surviving later changes of diagnostic fashion. Treatment studies will be more valuable when the course of a disorder is included in its definition. The diagnosis of depression has to include operationalized subthreshold syndromes, such as minor depression and recurrent brief depression. In the face of the elementary importance of the distinction between uni- and bipolar disorders, a development of the definition of hypomania is proposed. Based on this definition, bipolar disorders are more prevalent in the normal population than is commonly assumed. Most diagnostic subgroups of depression are artificial. They are not diagnostic entities, but subtypes of the same spectrum disorder. During his/her lifetime, a patient may therefore receive two or more diagnoses, but still suffer from a single disorder. Dual diagnoses, such as double depression and combined depression, define more severely affected patients with major depression, characterized by higher suicide attempt rates. Thus the differentiation of subgroups is more than an academic exercise but has a practical use.
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PMID:Current concepts of the classification of affective disorders. 827 37

Endogenous substances resulting from interactions between alcohol and possibly opioid metabolites and neurotransmitters (dopamine, indolamines) are mediators of the pathochemical process towards dependence. Beta-carbolines are increased in alcoholics and--according to our own results--in heroin-addicts. Still unclear is the impact of other psychopathological disturbances like states of anxiety or depression; unclear is also, if it has to be interpreted as state, trait or residual marker of the dependence syndrome.
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PMID:[Beta-carbolines (harman/norharman) are increased in heroin dependent patients]. 847 71

During interplanetary missions ionizing radiations blended with other debilitating non-radiation environmental agents which can modify the radiobiological effect make up a risk factor. Still, the experimental data about the direction of the modifying action are conflicting and diverge from an increase to a depression of radioresistance. In this work we investigated the influence of prolonged hypokinesia on early radiobiological effects. The experiment was conducted with Wistar rats exposed to acute gamma-radiation at a dose of 7.5 Gy after 25 days of head-down immobilization. In the period of one month since exposure the morphological properties of peripheral blood and bone marrow, cell composition and mass of thymus, spleen and adrenal masses have been investigated. A significant, 1.5-2-fold, inhibition of recovery rate was displayed by each sprout of the blood-forming and especially thymolymphatic systems (2.5-3 folds) resulting from combined stress, whereas the depth of radiation damage in terms of maximum degree of the bone marrow tissue depopulation, cytopenia of peripheral blood and mass losses of lymphoid organs was of little difference in the two groups.
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PMID:[Combined effects of prolonged hypokinesia and ionizing radiation on the hematopoietic system and lymphatic organs of rats]. 866 75

In the sequelae of massive traumatic stress, substantial impairment of immunologic reactivity has been demonstrated to correlate clinically with increased susceptibility to serious infection. Posttraumatic immune abnormalities consist basically of two coexistent mechanisms: Hyperinflammation and depression of cell-mediated immune responses. It is our understanding that the endogenous ability of the organism to survive overwhelming trauma is insufficient and requires exogenous support to prevent the conversion from systemic inflammatory response syndrome to bacterial sepsis and septic shock. The objectives of immunomodulatory interventions, which should be started as early as possible after tissue destruction, include a) prevention of excessive macrophage stimulation via neutralization of circulating endotoxins and exotoxins with high doses of polyvalent immunoglobulin and soluble complement receptors, b) global short-term (<72 hrs) down-regulation of inflammatory monocyte/macrophage and polymorphonuclear neutrophil activity, and c) restoration of cell-mediated immune performance to overcome posttraumatic functional paralysis. Among recent promising strategies, the use of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, pentoxifylline, and recombinant human interleukin-13 has been suggested, all of them predominantly down-regulating the Mphi (monocyte/macrophage) inflammatory potential. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors such as indomethacin and thymomimetic peptides can help normalize the immunoreactivity by restoring the forward-regulatory pathway of cell-mediated immunity responses. The efficacy of interferon to reduce infection and deaths in severely injured patients has been assessed in clinical trials. Still other compounds, i.e., CNI-1493, interleukin-11, tissue factor pathway inhibitors, and PGG-Glucan represent auspicious immunomodulatory approaches for control of posttraumatic or postoperative infections.
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PMID:Therapeutic immunomodulatory approaches for the control of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and the prevention of sepsis. 965 18


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