Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

d-Tubocurarine (dTc) was infused intravenously into 35 cats anesthetized with chloralose and urethane at a constant continuous rate to produce and maintain 90 per cent depression of twitch height of the anterior tibial muscle following supramaximal stimulation of the peroneal nerve. The mean infusion rates that produced 90 per cent depression were not significantly altered by respiratory acid-base changes. Metabolic alkalosis decreased (32.5 per cent) and metabolic acidosis increased (27.7 per cent) the required infusion rate of dTc. When pH and Paco2 were maintained at 7.37 and 38 torr, respectively, the addition of a bolus of neostigmine, 10.5 mug/kg, intravenously, to the continuing infusion of dTc produced 50 per cent antagonism of the dTc-depressed twitch. Respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis did not alter the dose of neostigmine needed to produce 50 per cent antagonism. However, during respiratory acidosis (pH 7.13, Paco2 66 torr) and metabolic alkalosis (pH 7.59, Paco2 36 torr) 20.0 and 18.0 mug/kg neostigmine, respectively, were needed to produce 50 per cent antagonism. Still larger doses of neostigmine (75 mug/kg) could not completely antagonize the block unless pH and Paco2 were returned to 7.30-7.50 and 35-45 torr, respectively. It is concluded that respiratory acidosis and metabolic alkalosis limit and oppose antagonism of dTc by neostigmine.
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PMID:The effect of acid-base balance on neostigmine antagonism of d-tubocurarine-induced neuromuscular blockade. 23 27

Alterations in calcium transport appear to be functionally significant. Treatment with drugs that promote calcium uptake partially reverse some of the age-related deficits in calcium-dependent processes. Thus, the relevance of decreased calcium coupled receptor binding is supported by the ability of 3,4-diaminopyridine to promote acetylcholine release by forebrain slices from aged mice. This drug also reduces the age-related depression in synaptosomal calcium uptake in aged rats and mice. 3,4-Diaminopyridine also reverses the age-related deficit in calcium transport, the age-related deficits in the tight rope test, and 8 arm maze performance. 3,4-Diaminopyridine is also effective in nonexcitable tissues, such as cultured skin fibroblasts; it increases the decreased cytosolic-free calcium. Depressed cell spreading of fibroblasts can be reversed by treatment of cells with the calcium ionophore A23187 which promotes calcium influx. 4-Aminopyridine, a similarly related compound, partially reverses short-term memory deficits in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Tetrahydroaminoacridine, an aminopyridine analog with anticholinesterase properties, produces clinical improvement in behavioral deficits due to Alzheimer's disease. Only recently has the aging brain become a subject of intense study. Evidently, the neurobiology of aging needs to develop its own theories to account for the unique aspects of brain aging as well as integrate them with the peripheral changes. An exciting but unexplored area of research in the aging brain concerns the coupling between calcium and the final end product, the induction of genes. Still unknown are the molecular events that set these processes in motion. In addition, whether conditions such as dietary restriction that increase longevity in certain rodents also retard age-related changes in calcium remains to be determined.
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PMID:Changes in calcium's role as a messenger during aging in neuronal and nonneuronal cells. 148 59

During the acute phase of myocardial infarction, the generation of thrombin is reflected in the sudden rise of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) and the thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complex in blood. We have systematically determined the FPA and TAT plasma concentrations over a period of 14 days after acute myocardial infarction in 100 patients. Mean levels of both thrombin markers were the highest on admission, remained elevated over the following few days, and then gradually declined after day 5. Still, by the end of the first week two thirds of the patients had distinctly elevated TAT and FPA levels, and by the end of the second week such an abnormality was present in half of them. Continuous intravenous heparin infusion at a dose of 20,000 units/day, administered for 1 week to patients who had either received (n = 21) or not received (n = 17) streptokinase, led to a significant depression (p less than 0.05) of thrombin markers over the first 48 hours, an effect that did not persist over the subsequent days of treatment. In patients not assigned to heparin treatment, those in heart failure had significantly (p less than 0.05) higher mean TAT and FPA values on days 3, 5, and 7 compared with patients in whom heart failure was absent. Infarct extension, pulmonary embolism, and death were also associated with a rise in one or both thrombin markers, often preceding the onset of clinical symptoms. Thrombinogenesis was not accompanied by changes in mean plasma concentrations of prothrombin, antithrombin III, or alpha 2-macroglobulin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Persistent generation of thrombin after acute myocardial infarction. 157 16

At the Oxford Haemophilia Centre at Churchill Hospital in Oxford, England, psychiatrists compared data on 37 HIV seropositive hemophiliacs (31 asymptomatics and 6 symptomatics) with data on 36 HIV seronegative hemophiliacs to determine the prevalence of psychosocial conditions in HIV seropositive men and factors related to those conditions. HIV seropositive men had much higher Present State Examination scores than did the HIV seronegative men (5.9 vs. 2.2; p=.005). This was true for both symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV seropositive men (7.3 and 5.7, respectively). Nevertheless, these levels of psychological disturbance were basically the same as the general outpatient medical population as was also the case with depression scores (POMS). Still symptomatic HIV seropositive men were more likely to be depressed than HIV seronegative men (6.4 vs. 3.6; p=.02). The most important finding was that both symptomatic and asymptomatic HIV seropositive men felt significantly higher levels of hopelessness than did the HIV seronegative men (6.5 vs. 2.6; p=.0004, asymptomatic-5.8 and symptomatic=9.7). Hopelessness indicated an increased risk of suicide which is independent of depression. Past psychiatric history (r=0.38), hopelessness (r=0.55), and poor social adjustment (r=0.55) accounted for 49.8% of the variance (p.001). HIV seropositive men exhibited more psychosexual dysfunction especially premature and delayed ejaculation (30% vs. 4% and 20% vs. 0, respectively; p.05) than HIV seronegative men. Among the men who had a sexual relationship, HIV seropositive men tended to always use condoms during intercourse (79% of asymptomatics and 100% of symptomatics vs. 25% of HIV seronegatives; p=.0004). Even though they used condoms, HIV seropositive men were more likely to worry about infecting their partners than HIV seronegative men (p=.02).
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PMID:The psychosocial impact of HIV infection in men with haemophilia: controlled investigation and factors associated with psychiatric morbidity. 161 81

Recurrent myocardial ischemia, moderate to marked depression of left ventricular systolic function, and late-occurring or recurrent cardiac arrhythmia indicate increased risk for patients with acute myocardial infarction. Some patients, on the basis of high risk and/or unsuccessful response, will be early candidates for early aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Others will have clinical indicators of increased risk during hospitalization that warrant diagnostic coronary arteriographic assessment before discharge. Still other patients with low risk clinical characteristics can be further stratified by predischarge or early postdischarge stress testing for myocardial ischemia, left ventricular functional reserve, and/or likely occurrence of arrhythmias. Some stratified to low risk patients will be treated only with secondary prevention measures. Others at higher risk will undergo more aggressive evaluation and subsequent medical or surgical therapy.
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PMID:Noninvasive and invasive testing after myocardial infarction. 177 24

The current status of anticonvulsant drugs compared to other treatments for the management of affective disorders is evaluated. Data from controlled studies suggest that carbamazepine is superior to placebo, equivalent to neuroleptics, and comparable to lithium for mania, at least in relatively treatment-refractory patients. Carbamazepine may also be useful as an antidepressant and for prophylaxis. Valproate and clonazepam show promise in the treatment of mania and for prophylaxis, but the number of patients studied in controlled trials is small. Lorazepam and other benzodiazepines may be useful antimanic agents, and alprazolam exerts antidepressant effects, although its efficacy relative to the tricyclics is unclear. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is effective for both mania and depression. Established treatments are carbamazepine and ECT for mania and ECT for depression. Still experimental are valproate and clonazepam for mania; carbamazepine and alprazolam for depression; and carbamazepine, ECT, valproate, and clonazepam for maintenance. Combinations with lithium appear promising but await double-blind trials. The place of other anticonvulsants in the treatment of affective disorders is unknown.
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PMID:Anticonvulsants in affective disorders. 219 24

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Panic Disorder with or without agoraphobia are emphasized as specific entities that are easily accessible to pharmacological treatment, while more unspecific and heterogeneous syndromes are less predictable in their reaction to treatment. The DSM-III system, not yet official in Sweden, is described and commented on. Agoraphobia has undergone a re-evaluation and should be coupled with Panic Disorder, although the two illness components may have somewhat different genetic and biochemical mechanisms. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, on the other hand, should not be listed under Anxiety States, but have a place of its own. The relationship between anxiety and depression is discussed, and it is suggested that there is a clear break between specific affective disorders and specific anxiety disorders, while there may be continuity between Generalized Anxiety and Neurotic-reactive (dysthymic) depression, with mixed cases in between. Still, much work needs to be done in the classification of these disorders.
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PMID:Anxiety disorders: classification and diagnosis. 331 60

Sixty medical inpatients completed a variety of psychological measures related to factors associated with depression. An analysis of self-reported depression and coping response indices revealed significant differences in coping strategies between depressed and nondepressed medical inpatients. Depressed patients more often reported avoidance strategies to cope with the stressors associated with hospitalization, while nondepressed patients were more likely to utilize active coping techniques. Since the coping and depression measures were assessed concurrently, the direction of influence cannot be determined. Still, these findings are consistent with the learned helplessness model of depression for medical inpatients and suggest specific psychological interventions for treating this population. Such treatment would attenuate the adverse effects of inpatient medical depression and thereby enhance the desired benefits of medical hospitalization. It is suggested that future research examine the effectiveness of coping in a prospective design to clarify the direction of the coping and depression relationship.
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PMID:Coping behaviors among depressed and nondepressed medical inpatients. 343 Apr 29

Over the past 20 years from 1961, we have been conducting research on the relation between the mental and physical state of old people and the depopulation process in the mountain areas of Japan. People over 65 years old have been studied annually, with the use of Hasegawa's method and Amako's scale of grading age and Zung's depression scale mentally. For their physical checkup, ECG and blood pressure, etc. were taken. In the early stages of our study, a significant difference was observed between the people in the depopulated areas and those living in the plains. However, we have been unable to find significant differences of the occurrence of senile dementia between these two areas since 1977, nor of the physical state of the elderly since 1981. We did observe more people with a higher level of Zung's depression scale in the depopulated areas in 1984. Since Japan's economic growth slowed down by the two oil shocks has never revitalized the depopulated areas, the old people are still left alone in the mountain areas. However, they now regularly receive good meal services by local welfare committees. Supermarkets have also appeared in some villages, so that the aged have easier access to nutritious food such as meats, fruits and milk. Still, we find bedridden elderly patients more often in these depopulated areas, as well as a statistically greater incidence of suicides (r = -0.42, p less than 0.01). It is our fervent desire that more psychological support should be given to the aged in the depopulated areas, such as visits to their homes by public nurses, or more frequent phone-calls by volunteers.
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PMID:Mental health of the aged in the depopulated areas of Japan. 383 25

This paper has reviewed the literature on bereavement and, with particular emphasis on the authors' own work, describes three syndromes which seem to be related to the nonresolution of distinct phases of the grief process. The possibility of unresolved grief should receive a high index of suspicion for the patient with otherwise unexplainable depression, chronic illness behavior, or symptoms similar to those of a deceased relative or friend. When any of these syndromes are identified, it is useful to ask the patient who he has lost, how he has lost them, how he felt about the loss, whether he felt that he grieved, whether he still cries or feels the need to cry, and whether he has adjusted. The answer to these questions--both verbal and nonverbal--will help identify unresolved grief, when present, and may be a guide to specific interventions. On the other hand, our studies have suggested that unresolved grief is a somewhat overly simplistic concept. Most, if not all, people never totally resolve their grief; significant aspects of the bereavement process go on for years after the loss, even in otherwise normal patients. For some, identification syndromes continue. Others may continue to feel the presence of the deceased or have daily visions of him or her. Still others may feel pain, anger, and guilt for years after the death. It is still unclear at what point and to what degree these behaviors and symptoms become medical or psychiatric concerns and become pathological or predispose to serious medical, psychological, or social complications. Investigations into these unreported areas have been initiated and, we trust, will lead to clinically useful answers.
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PMID:Unresolved grief. 408 64


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