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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rats (200-260 g) were exposed in sealed, recycling chambers continuously for 2-30 days to gas mixtures designed to maintain the same alveolar PO2 in the presence or absence of inert gas. Mixtures with inert gas (N2, He, or Ne) were at ground level; those without inert gas (100 percent O2) were in an altitude chamber. The O2 categories were: I-100 percent O2 at 747 torr; II-74 percent O2 + 26 percent inert and 566 torr 100 percent O2; III-47 percent O2 + 53 percent inert and 381 torr 100 percent O2; IV-21 percent O2 + 79 percent inert and 197 torr 100 percent O2. One of the two room-air controls was "restricted-fed" to the level of the lowest intake group. Measurements included body, pituitary, and thyroid weight, food and water intake, plasma volume and hematocrit, pituitary and plasma TSH, and plasma PBI. Severe depression in all variables and over 50 percent mortality was seen in I by day 4. All variables were depressed in II, but there was no mortality to 20 days. Pituitary-thyroid function appeared to be particularly sensitive to depression by hyperoxia, with plasma TSH levels reduced between 42 and 60 percent in II and III. No effect was attributable to the inert gas, whether it was N2, He, or Ne, nor was any specific effect traceable to the presence or absence of inert gas.
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PMID:Pituitary-thyroid function of rats in hypobaric oxygen-inert gas environments. 80 43

Methimazole [1-methyl-2-mercaptoimidazole (MMI)] was given to normal male rats in their drinking water in concentrations ranging from 0.0001-0.05% for either 1 week or 1 month. Serum MMI levels in the rats ranged from 0.008-19.6 micrograms/ml, and were similar after 1 week and 1 month of treatment. Serum MMI was linearly related to the MMI concentration in the drinking water (r = 0.98, P less than 0.001). In contrast, intrathyroid MMI content plateaued with increasing MMI concentrations in the water, and was linearly related to the logarithm of the MMI concentration. At the highest MMI concentration (0.05%), thyroid MMI contents were similar in the 1-week and 1-month groups (approximately 1 X 10(-4) M). Surprisingly, at lower MMI concentrations, thyroid MMI content was significantly higher in the 1-week group than the 1-month group. Thyroid function was inhibited by MMI with similar depression of serum T4 or T3 after 1 week or 1 month of MMI treatment. Although the MMI concentration for 50% suppression of thyroid PBI was 0.003% in both groups, thyroid MMI content at this MMI concentration was 97 microM after 1 week but only 15 microM after 1 month. The continued thyroid-inhibiting activity of MMI at 1 month, despite a striking decrease in thyroid MMI content, may relate to intrathyroid iodide depletion, which was more severe after 1 month (thyroid 127I = 40 microM) than after 1 week (thyroid 127I = 140 microM) or in controls (470 microM). Rats were given 0.05% MMI for either 1 week or 1 month, and the drug was then withdrawn. In the 1-week group, serum MMI disappeared biexponentially, with a rapidly declining phase (t1/2 = 3.2 h) and a second, slower disappearance phase (t1/2 = 47.7 h). Similar findings were noted after 1 month of treatment. The disappearance of thyroid MMI was also biexponential after 1 week, but this variable could not be evaluated after 1 month because thyroid MMI fell rapidly to undetectable levels. There was a highly significant correlation in the 1-week group between the disappearance of MMI from the thyroid and the recovery of thyroid function as assessed by thyroid PBI (r = 0.81, P less than 0.01). Despite the very rapid disappearance of MMI from the thyroid after 1 month of treatment, the recovery time of thyroid PBI was significantly longer than after 1 week of treatment (2.1 days vs. 1.4 days for 50% recovery, P less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Methimazole pharmacology in the rat: studies using a newly developed radioimmunoassay for methimazole. 619 91

This study utilized the Parental Bonding Instrument [PBI] in a group of 125 incarcerated Scottish young offenders aged 16-21. The study examined the response profiles of young offenders and compared the results to normative data and demographics relating to family and penal experiences. Furthermore, it investigated relationships between parenting style and levels of depression, anxiety and hopelessness experienced during incarceration. Significant differences between the current sample and the normative sample were found. Stepwise regression analyses highlighted the role that parental overprotection plays in any psychological distress experienced during incarceration. The study also considered parental style and discusses the place of Parker's "optimal parenting" style in this particular population. The practical ramifications of these findings are also discussed in relation to the effects that current perceptions of the parenting role has upon the individual's own parenting behaviour.
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PMID:The quality of perceived parenting experienced by a group of Scottish incarcerated young offenders and its relation to psychological distress. 958 94

The factorial structure of the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS; A. T. Beck, A. Weissman, D. Lester, & L. Trexler, 1974) was examined in a nonclinical sample (N = 154) in Japan, and the relationships between dimensions of hopelessness and psychosocial variables were analyzed. A semistructured interview was used, as well as a questionnaire consisting of the BHS, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ; H. J. Eysenck & S. B. Eysenck, 1975), and the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI; G. Parker, H. Tupling, & L. B. Brown, 1979). A factor analysis with principal components solution after oblimin rotation yielded 2 factors--Doubt About a Hopeful Future (Factor 1) and Belief About a Hopeless Future (Factor 2). Significant, positive correlations were found between Factor 2 and (a) the number of emotional symptoms of depression in a 4-day depressive episode and (b) scores on the Neuroticism subscale of the EPQ. The Factor 1 score was significantly and negatively correlated with the Extraversion subscale of the EPQ and the Paternal Care subscale of the PBI.
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PMID:Hopelessness in a community population: factorial structure and psychosocial correlates. 980 May 22

Under certain conditions, cross-sectional analysis of cross-twin intertrait correlations can provide important information about the direction of causation (DOC) between two variables. A community-based sample of Australian female twins aged 18 to 45 years was mailed an extensive Health and Lifestyle Questionnaire (HLQ) that covered a wide range of personality and behavioral measures. Included were self-report measures of recent psychological distress and perceived childhood environment (PBI). Factor analysis of the PBI yielded three interpretable dimensions: Coldness, Overprotection, and Autonomy. Univariate analysis revealed that parental Overprotection and Autonomy were best explained by additive genetic, shared, and nonshared environmental effects (ACE), whereas the best-fitting model for PBI Coldness and the three measures of psychological distress (Depression, Phobic Anxiety, and Somatic Distress) included only additive genetic and nonshared environmental effects (AE). A common pathway model best explained the covariation between (1) the three PBI dimensions and (2) the three measures of psychological distress. DOC modeling between latent constructs of parenting and psychological distress revealed that a model which specified recollected parental behavior as the cause of psychological distress provided a better fit than a model which specified psychological distress as the cause of recollected parental behavior. Power analyses and limitations of the findings are discussed.
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PMID:Direction of causation modeling between cross-sectional measures of parenting and psychological distress in female twins. 1457 38

This study assessed the relationships between parent communication variables and the parent bonding factors of care and overprotection using a sample of 38 deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals connected with mental health services who had DSM-III-R or DSM-IV diagnoses of depression-related disorders. The 22 therapists working with these individuals also contributed to data collection. Results based on revised depression (BDI-R) and parent bonding (PBI-R) questionnaires, together with background data from both clients and therapists, indicate that higher ratings of depression are associated with less perceived care by mother and greater perceived overprotection by both mother and father. Paternal care and overprotection were negatively correlated, as were maternal care and overprotection. In comparison to hard-of-hearing counterparts, deaf participants were less depressed and had more positive ratings of communication with their parents. The BDI-R scores positively and significantly correlated with coded severity of diagnosis. Due to the small sample size, findings are suggestive. Further study is warranted.
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PMID:Parent bonding in clinically depressed deaf and hard-of-hearing adults. 1557 76

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of negative cognition on PBI score before and after treatment for depression. Forty major depressive disorder outpatients were assessed with the PBI scale and Structured Interview Guide for Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (SIGH-D) at the time of the first medical examination (baseline) and 8 weeks later. The SIGH-D scores decreased by about 50% from baseline to 8 weeks, but there was no significant change in the PBI scores of the depressed outpatients from baseline to 8 weeks. Analysis of covariance with the SIGH-D scores as covariate was conducted for PBI scores between baseline and 8 weeks to remove effects of MDD. No significant differences were found on any of the PBI scales. Even though the therapeutic values on the SIGH-D of the depressed patients indicated that depressive symptoms were reduced by about 50%, depression level did not influence the PBI scores. This study provides evidence for the stability of parental representations throughout treatment, as measured by the PBI.
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PMID:Influence of negative cognition on the parental bonding instrument (PBI) in patients with major depression. 1834 Feb 61

Currently valid itch intensity scales, such as the visual analogue scale (VAS), are indispensable, but they can be influenced by the patient's overall health status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Dynamic Pruritus Score (DPS), a new instrument comparing reduction in current pruritus with a defined earlier time-point. Eighty-one randomly selected adults (50 females, mean age 53.9 years) recorded their pruritus at visit 1 and repeatedly at visit 2 on the DPS, VAS, numerical rating scale, and on health status questionnaires (EuroQol; EQ-5D), skin-related quality of life (Dermatology Life Quality Index; DLQI), anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HADS) and patient benefit (Patient Benefit Index; PBI). Intraclass correlation showed high reliability for both DPS and VAS (r < 0.9, p < 0.001), while the DPS has shown higher concurrent validity (rDPS to PBI = 0.570; p < 0.001). The DPS can then be considered an alternative instrument to the VAS for assessment of pruritus in adults. Further research is needed to confirm these results with a more representative sample size.
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PMID:Dynamic Pruritus Score: Evaluation of the Validity and Reliability of a New Instrument to Assess the Course of Pruritus. 2734 16

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is frequently associated with alcohol use disorders (abuse/dependence). However, there has been little research on the characteristics of this subgroup so far. In the current study we investigated individuals with SAD and comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD) with regard to socialization experiences and personality. The sample comprised 410 individuals diagnosed with SAD by the Structured Clinical Interview of DSM-IV. 108 participants with comorbid AUD were compared to 302 participants without comorbid AUD concerning traumatic experiences during childhood and adolescence (Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire; ACE), parental bonding (Parental Bonding Instrument; PBI), and personality (Temperament and Character Inventory; TCI). MANCOVA with covariates sex and depression displayed that individuals with SAD plus AUD reported significantly more traumatic events during childhood and adolescence, lower levels of maternal care, as well as lower cooperativeness. Our results highlight that adverse childhood experiences and unfavourable maternal bonding characterize individuals suffering from SAD plus AUD. These experiences might be reflected in a personality-based tendency to distance themselves from others, which corresponds to low scores on the character dimension cooperativeness. A deeper understanding of personality and specific socialization experiences is necessary to develop new treatment options in this clinically challenging subgroup.
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PMID:Childhood adversities, bonding, and personality in social anxiety disorder with alcohol use disorder. 2947 73

Parenting is a precious experience and also a very hard task, which could result in parental burnout for some parents. The present study sought to validate a Japanese version of the Parental Burnout Inventory (PBI-J) by replicating and extending the pioneering work of Roskam et al. (2017). We conducted a web survey (N = 1200) to first validate the PBI-J and second to investigate the association between the PBI-J and perfectionism as a new interrelation. Similar to the prior study of Roskam et al. (2017), confirmatory factor analysis supported a model of three-factor structure of the PBI-J: emotional exhaustion, lack of personal accomplishment, and emotional distancing. In addition, we found low to moderate correlations of parental burnout with job burnout, parental stress, and depression. These findings provided initial evidence for validity of the PBI-J and suggested that parental burnout appeared to be different from job burnout. Our further evaluation of perfectionism confirmed such a difference between parental and job burnout by showing that parental perfectionism [i.e., combination of parental personal standards (PS) and parental concern over mistakes (CM)] has a unique contribution to parental burnout than does job perfectionism (i.e., combination of job PS and job CM). In addition, CM was positively correlated with burnout in both domains whereas the associations between PS and burnout were more complex. Finally, the proportion of parents experiencing burnout was estimated to lie somewhere between 4.2 and 17.3% in Japan. Overall, the present study confirmed preliminary validity of the PBI-J and found that parental perfectionism is one of the vulnerability factors in parental burnout.
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PMID:Preliminary Validation of Japanese Version of the Parental Burnout Inventory and Its Relationship With Perfectionism. 2997 93


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