Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cardinal immunologic changes in sarcoidosis consist of depression of delayed-type hypersensitivity, hyperreactive circulating antibody responses and the Kveim-Siltzbach skin test phenomenon. Depression of delayed-type hypersensitivity is demonstrated by skin tests using tuberculin, mumps, pertussis, trichophytin, oidiomycin, dinitrochlorobenzene and Californian keyhole limpet hemocyanin. The cultured lymphocytes from patients with depression of delayed-type hypersensitivity react poorly to phytohemagglutinin, and there is a close correlation between anergy of lymphocytes in culture and by cutaneous anergy. In vivo cutaneous anergy mirrors in vitro cellular hyporeactivity. Other technics used to expose immunologic defects in peripheral lymphocytes of patients with sarcoidosis include tests of T and B cell function, rosetie formation and migration inhibition. Whereas there is cutaneous anergy and impaired cellular immunity in patients with sarcoidosis, the reverse holds for circulating factors. There are increased circulating immunoglobulin levels, increased circulating antibody levels to Epstein-Barr, herpes simplex, rubella, measles and parainfluenza viruses, increase antibody response to mismatched blood and occasional false-positive Wassermann reactions, but there is no increase in circulating autoan tibodies. There is no evidence that patients with sarcoidosis belong predominantly to any particular histocompatibility locus. Worldwide figures for the Kveim-Siltzbach skin test are presented. They provide evidence of its specificity in various international series. The causes of nonspecific reactions are discussed.
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PMID:Immunology of sarcoidosis. 16 93

Although elevated antibody levels to the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been reported in a number of lympho-proliferative neoplasms, it has not been possible to determine whether these antibodies were the result of a specific response to an oncogenic agent (EBV), whether they were a non-specific humoral compensation for depressed cell-mediated immunity (CMI), or whether a different mechanism was responsible. We have previously shown in a group of lymphoma patients that depressed cellular immunity to a number of standard antigens (Candida, SKSD, etc.) is not associated with an increase in antibody to EBV. In this study, we tried to compare CMI to possible EBV and lymphoid cell line antigens with humoral antibody to EBV. The two basis CMI assays utilized were lymphocyte cytotoxicity (LC) and skin testing (ST) for delayed hypersensitivity. In the LC assay, an EBV-containing cell line (F265) was used as the target. Reactivity against F265 was stronger in normal individuals than in cancer patients, suggesting a relationship to general cellular immune competence. ST studies showed that membrane extracts from lymphoid cell lines derived from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) were more likely to elicit a delayed hypersensitivity in lymphoma and NPC patients than cell lines derived from normal individuals. Patients with ST reactivity against the membrane preparations from the tumour-derived cell lines were as likely to have elevated EBV antibodies as patients without such reactivity. The data strongly indicated that the elevated EBV titres in lymphoma patients are not related to a specific or non-specific depression of CMI.
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PMID:Humoral and cellular immunity to EBV and lymphoid cell line antigens in human lymphoma. 19 66

Sera from unselected and untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were examined for antibodies to Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) capsid antigens (VCA). Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions were carried out with purified tuberculoprotein (PPD). Highly purified blood lymphocytes of the same patients were studied morphologically and classified for cell surface markers. Incorporation of 14C-thymidine was used as a measure of spontaneous DNA synthesis and DNA synthesis after exposure to different concentrations of three mitogens (PHA, Conconavalin A and pokeweed mitogen) and PPD. The distribution of EBV titres was in good agreement with previous reports. Most patients were lymphopenic, due to subnormal levels of T lymphocytes. The lymphocyte stimulation and skin tests showed different degrees of impairment in a considerable number of the patients. The results in 43 patients indicated that a relation exists between the immune defect and the anti-VCA titres. High serological anti-VCA reactivity was related to a poor cutaneous response to PPD, a decreased level of T lymphocytes in the blood and a depression of mitogen-induced DNA synthesis.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated antibody patterns in relation to the deficiency of cell-mediated immunity in patients with Hodgkin's disease. 19 67

The indirect immunofluorescence test was used to study the level of humoral antibodies against viral capsid antigen of the Epstein--Barr virus (VCA-EBV), and early antigen (EA) in the sera of 322 healthy donors of the Havana City province. The age of donors ranged from several months up to 95 years. The results obtained indicate that the healthy population of Cuba is infected by EBV as well as in other countries, even though the spread and the course of infection have its specific characteristics. In the early childhood population group (3--4 years old) the infection is relatively more frequent (73%) than in adults (62--77%), despite the fact that the country is located in the tropical zone. In all the studied age groups the geometric mean titers (GMT) of antibodies were found to be lower in comparison with the other populations studied. The increase of EBV-antibody levels in the group of donors above 55 years of age, together with a large number of seropositive individuals, increase in the number of persons with high anti-VCA-EBV antibody titers (1 : 160), agrees with the results obtained by other investigators. This may be associated with some form of depression of cell-mediated immune response. Infectious mononucleosis-morbidity in the studied age groups was found to be low in 3--4-year- and 15--19-year-old age groups, where higher levels of antibodies against EA of EBV were found.
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PMID:Sero-epidemiologic study of the Epstein--Barr virus infectivity in a healthy Cuban population. 23 52

We investigated the effects of two behavioral interventions--aerobic exercise and cognitive behavioral stress management (CBSM)--on Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen (EBV-VCA) and human herpesvirus type-6 (HHV-6) antibody modulation in 65 asymptomatic gay men measured at several time points in the 5 weeks preceding and following notification of their human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) serostatus. After accounting for potential immunomodulatory confounds, we found that HIV-1 seropositive men had higher EBV-VCA antibody titers than those diagnosed as seronegative at every time point during the study; however, no significant differences were found with respect to HHV-6. Among HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative subjects, respectively, those randomized to either behavioral intervention had significant decreases in both EBV-VCA and HHV-6 antibody titers over the course of the intervention as compared with assessment-only controls (of HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative status) whose antibody titers did not significantly change and which remained consistently higher than either serostatus-matched intervention group over subsequent time points, independent of total immunoglobulin G levels and degree of polyclonal B cell activation. In attempting to explain serostatus differences in EBV and HHV-6 values, it was found that HIV-1 seropositive men had significantly lower CD4 cells, CD4:CD8 ratio, and blastogenic response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), as well as significantly higher CD8 cells at baseline. No significant differences were found between the HIV-1 seropositive and seronegative men with respect to anxiety and depression at baseline. Since the greatest changes in EBV and HHV-6 occurred between baseline and week 10, we correlated changes in immune (CD4, CD8, CD4:CD8 ratio, PHA stimulation) and distress-related markers (state depression and anxiety) with EBV and HHV-6 change scores over this time period. No significant correlations were found between any of these immune- or distress-related variable and the antibody change scores suggesting that the mechanisms by which EBV and HHV-6 antibodies are being modulated by these interventions possibly involve other, yet to be determined, immune, neuroendocrine, and/or psychologic variables.
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PMID:Psychosocial modulation of antibody to Epstein-Barr viral capsid antigen and human herpesvirus type-6 in HIV-1-infected and at-risk gay men. 132 Feb 79

Natural Killer cell Stimulatory Factor (NKSF) or interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine of 70 kDa formed by a heavy chain of 40 kDa (p40) and a light chain of 35 kDa (p35). Although it was originally identified and purified from the supernatant of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cell lines, it has been shown that among peripheral blood cells NKSF/IL-12 is predominantly produced by monocytes, with lower production by B cells and other accessory cells. The most powerful inducers of NKSF/IL-12 production are bacteria, bacterial products and parasites. In addition to the biologically active p70 heterodimer, the cells producing NKSF/IL-12 also secrete a large excess of monomeric p40, a molecule with no demonstrable biological activity. NKSF/IL-12 is active on T lymphocytes and NK cells on which it induces production of lymphokines, enhancement of cytotoxic activity and mitogenic effects. NKSF/IL-12 induces T and NK cells to produce IFN-gamma and synergizes with other IFN-gamma inducers in this effect. In vitro, and probably in vivo, NKSF/IL-12 is required for optimal IFN-gamma production. When human lymphocytes are stimulated with antigens in vitro, addition of exogenous NKSF/IL-12 to the culture induces differentiation of T helper type 1 (Th1) cells, whereas neutralization of endogenous NKSF/IL-12 with antibodies favors differentiation of Th2 cells. IFN-gamma, a product of Th1 cells, enhances NKSF/IL-12 production by mononuclear cells, whereas IL-10 and IL-4, products of Th2 cells, efficiently inhibit it. Therefore, NKSF/IL-12 appears to be an important inducer of Th1 responses produced by accessory cells during early antigenic stimulation and its production is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism mediated by Th1 cells through IFN-gamma and a negative one by Th2 cells through IL-10 and IL-4. The balance of IL-12 production versus IL-10 and IL-4 production early during an immune response might therefore be instrumental in determining Th1-type versus Th2-type immune responses. Because of this potential role of IL-12 during immune responses, our results demonstrating the impaired ability of HIV seropositive patients to produce NKSF/IL-12 in response to bacterial stimulation suggest that this defect in NKSF/IL-12 production might be a factor contributing to their immune depression.
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PMID:Natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF) or interleukin-12 is a key regulator of immune response and inflammation. 136 96

This article presents current research on chronic fatigue syndrome, which currently afflicts mostly females between the ages of 25 and 55. Because depression is a common symptom of chronic fatigue syndrome, mental health practitioners are often involved with the victims and must formulate an appropriate treatment strategy that considers the physiological, intrapsychic, interpersonal, and environmental aspects of the client. This article includes case material focusing on a woman who was medically diagnosed with the Epstein-Barr virus and was in psychotherapy with the author. The difficulty of managing the interplay of the real health problems and the emotional issues presented by the client is highlighted.
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PMID:Chronic fatigue syndrome and women: can therapy help? 141 13

Studies have shown that a proportion of patients with severe chronic infection due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lack antibody to a component of EBV nuclear antigen. However, it is not clear whether this circumstance is one of cause or effect in regard to the pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS); it is clearly not pathognomonic since it also occurs in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus and--rarely--in those with other EBV-related conditions. Stress and depression may be other pathogenetic mechanisms that could reactivate EBV and lead to CFS; examples of this phenomenon are given. The syndrome might also follow certain other viral infections as part of a process that has been called postinfectious neurasthenia. Currently, the cause(s) and cure of CFS, a common and distressing syndrome, are enigmatic and require multidisciplinary study.
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PMID:Chronic fatigue syndrome: thoughts on pathogenesis. 185 May 44

To determine whether depression might be associated with serologic indices of autoimmune processes or active virus infections, we measured the following parameters in healthy controls, minor, simple major and melancholic patients: antiphospholipid (anticardiolipin, antiphosphatidylserine), antinuclear, and Epstein-Barr (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) antibodies. In addition, the soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) circulating levels in serum were measured and used as a marker of T cell activation. The anticardiolipin antibody titers were higher in melancholics than in healthy controls and minor depressives. Antinuclear antibodies were present significantly more frequently in depressed patients than in normal volunteers. The anticardiolipin and antinuclear antibody titers were significantly and positively intercorrelated. Depression is characterized by increased serum circulating levels of sIL-2Rs compared to the healthy state. Antinuclear-positive subjects exhibited significantly higher sIL-2Rs than those without detectable antinuclear titers. There was a positive correlation between anticardiolipin activity and sIL-2Rs. We found no evidence that depression is linked to EBV or CMV infection.
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PMID:Antiphospholipid, antinuclear, Epstein-Barr and cytomegalovirus antibodies, and soluble interleukin-2 receptors in depressive patients. 185 4

Nine female and 6 male adolescents (mean age 14.5 +/- 1.7 [SD] years) were evaluated for chronic fatigue associated with at least three additional symptoms present for 18.4 +/- 8.4 months. Eleven subjects experienced the onset of symptoms with an acute illness (seven Monospot-positive). Medical history, physical examination, and laboratory testing yielded little helpful information. Serologic testing for Coxsackie B viruses 1 through 6, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, and Toxoplasma gondii in subjects and healthy controls provided little evidence for an infectious cause of persistent fatigue. Children's Depression Inventory scores and psychiatric interviews with the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Children's Version (K-SADS) identified five subjects with major depression. On the K-SADS, the 10 fatigued subjects without major depression endorsed many secondary symptoms of depression but were less likely than depressed psychiatric clinic patients to endorse primary symptoms such as depressed mood, guilt, and suicidality. At telephone follow-up 13 to 32 months after intake, 4 subjects were completely well, 4 markedly improved, and 7 unimproved or worse. Further research is necessary to determine whether chronic fatigue in adolescents is prodromal depression, a discrete psychosomatic condition, or an infectious or immunologic disorder that mimics depression.
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PMID:Chronic fatigue in adolescents. 841 93


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