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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The discovery of specific behavioral effects of several neuropeptides and the expanded appreciation of a wide range of endocrine disturbances in depressive illness have recently renewed interest in the nature of the relationship between mood and endocrine changes. Major depressive disorders are a major and life-threatening complication of Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism and hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea. A treatment primarily directed to the physical condition may be more effective than antidepressant drugs in such organic affective syndromes. The influence of hormonal disturbances in the development of depression in Conn's disease, pheochromocytoma, parathyroid disturbances, SIADH, acromegaly, hirsutism and other endocrine diseases should be individually evaluated. Antidepressant drugs remain the most specific and readily available treatment of major depressive disorders in the setting of endocrine illness.
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PMID:Major depression associated with endocrine disease. 332 99

Depressive illnesses are subdivided into endogenous and nonendogenous types in psychiatry throughout the world. We used one method of validating this nosologic subdivision: the determination of the extent to which the disorder is familial. Rates of depression were examined in 2,942 first-degree relatives of 566 individuals diagnosed as having unipolar major depressive disorder. Because no single definition of endogenous depression is universally accepted, four different methods for defining endogenous depression were compared: the Newcastle Scale, the Research Diagnostic Criteria, DSM-III, and the definition of "autonomous depression" proposed by investigators at Yale University (New Haven, Conn). In general, no matter which definition was used, the relatives of the patients with endogenous illness did not have higher rates of depressive illness than those of the nonendogenous group. The Newcastle Scale was the most sensitive in picking up familial transmission of recurrent unipolar depression. The results of this investigation suggest that longitudinal approaches should be added to cross-sectional approaches for the best definition of endogenous depression.
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PMID:The validation of the concept of endogenous depression. A family study approach. 395 44

Data on the current prevalence of depression and its treatment derive from a longitudinal community survey conducted in 1975-1976 in New Haven, Conn. The results show the high prevalence of depression based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria. While persons with a depression use the psychiatric and general medical health care systems more frequently than those without a depression, the overall number of those who see a psychiatrist, receive a tricyclic antidepressant, or receive any treatment for their emotional problems from any source is low. Persons with a depression who do not receive treatment especially for their emotional problems make relatively frequent visits to nonpsychiatric physicians. Men and older persons who are depressed receive the least treatment.
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PMID:Depression and its treatment in a US urban community-1975-1976. 611 2

Research Diagnostic Criteria were used to make psychiatric diagnoses in a study of the prevalence of depression and its treatment in Alameda County, California, in 1978. As in findings from a study in New Haven, Conn, the number of people with clinical depression (as well as those with other psychiatric disorders) who sought help from a mental health professional or from any other source was quite low (only one in five had seen a mental health professional). Men in particular were less likely to report having received treatment for their emotional problems. However, contrary to the New Haven study, in Alameda County those with depression diagnosed were not more likely than those with other psychiatric diagnoses to seek care for emotional problems from nonpsychiatric physicians or from other sources of care.
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PMID:Depression in the community: prevalence and treatment. 714 1

For the purpose of studying the relation of diversities of basic lesion as well as clinical manifestation to hormonal abnormality in Cushing's syndrome, 12 kinds of steroid hormones was simultaneously measured in plasma by using 2 types of Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography in a total of 30 patients comprosing 28 cases of Cushing's syndrome and 2 cases of adrenocortical carcinoma which had abnormal plasma steroid hormone levels without sign or symptom of Cushing's syndrome. In the group of Cushing's syndrome were included cases of pituitary ACTH-dependent hyperplasia (Hp.), adrenocortical adenoma(Ad.), bilateral nodular hyperplasia, ectopic ACTH syndrome as well as recurrent Cushing's syndrome following subtotal adrenalectomy. Twelve steroids measured in plasma were pregnenolone(Preg)., 17-OH pregnenolone(17Preg.), progesterone(Prog.), 17-OH progesterone(17Prog.), 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC), corticosterone(B), aldosterone(Ald.), 11-deoxycortisol(S), cortisol(F), dehydroepiandrosterone(DHA), androstendione(A-dione) and testosterone(T), including precursors (Prec.: Preg., 17-preg., Prog., 17-prog.) as well as hormones belonging to the 3 systems in the biosynthetic pathways of steroid; i.e., glucocorticoids(Glu.C.'s: S,F), mineralocorticoids(Min.C.'s: DOC, B, Ald.) and sex steroids(And.'s: DHA, A-dione, T). In addition, steroidogenesis in isolated adrenal cells obtained surgically from patients with Cushing's syndrome due to Hp. and Ad, was observed. The results were as follows: (1) In cases due to Hp., plasma levels of Glu.C's and And.'s were slightly elevated, while levels of Min.C.'s were within the normal range. On the whole, however, the 3 systems were well balanced. (2) In cases due to Ad., elevated secretion of Glu.C.'s and Min.C.'s was observed, while secretion of And.'s was depressed. Among the 3 fractions of And.'s, depression of DHA and A-dione was characteristic of Ad.. (3) Elevation of And.'s in Hp. and Min.C.'s in Ad. in addition to elevation of Glu.C.'s was in fair correlation with moderate virilism in Hp. and with hypertension and hypokalemia in Ad. respectively. (4) In vitro experiments revealed that Ad. produces not only F but all 12 steroids hormones and that increased DOC and depressed DHA secretion reflected in their plasma levels were the characteristics of Ad. in steroidogenesis. Furthermore, isolated adenoma cells were found to produce Ald. at a higher rate than normal or hyperplasia adrenal cells. This finding may suggest that an intermediate type between Cushing's syndrome and primary hyperaldosteronism can exist in cases of adenoma. (5) In ectopic ACTH syndrome, plasma levels of Glu.C.'s, Min.C.'s and And.'s were equally but more markedly elevated as compared with Hp.. The increase of B was characteristic of this disorder and, coupled with a marked increase of F, seems to be the main cause of hypokalemic alkalosis frequently associated with this syndrome. (6) Nodular hyperplasia was accompanied by elevated Min.C...
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PMID:[Plasma steroid hormones in Cushing's syndrome: their relation to cause and clinical manifestations (author's transl)]. 728 45

The introduction of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) over the past several years has made a major impact on the treatment of depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. Agents in this heterogeneous group of compounds are generally better tolerated and less toxic than the tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), which they have in many respects superseded. This review summarizes available data on paroxetine, the newest SSRI to receive approval for the treatment of depression.
Conn Med 1993 Sep
PMID:Paroxetine: a new serotonin reuptake inhibitor for the treatment of depression. 825 46

Ten Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and 10 NDV and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) combination vaccines (NDV/IBV) were evaluated for their effect on the head-associated lymphoid tissue (HALT) of 2-wk-old chicks. After vaccination, the chicks were subjected to an in vivo assay that measures the ability of the gland of Harder (GH) to respond to killed Brucella abortus antigen given in the eye by titering B. abortus antibodies in the tears. Following this, several sites in the HALT and trachea were examined histologically and scored for microscopic changes. The results indicated that three of the NDV/IBV combination vaccines (one BI/Mass&Conn and two LaSota/Mass&Conn) interfered with the GH response to killed B. abortus, whereas none of the NDV vaccines did Histologically, several changes were noted in the vaccinated chicks; however, no changes in the GH were observed that could explain microscopically the GH depression. With the IBV-only vaccines reported earlier (16), and the NDV-only and NDV/IBV combination vaccines reported here, a total of 36 vaccines have been evaluated using the same testing protocol. The conclusions of these combined studies suggest that several of the modified live virus vaccines containing IBV, either alone or in combination with NDV, interfere with the ability of the GH/HALT to respond to antigenic stimulation.
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PMID:Effects of Newcastle disease vaccines and Newcastle disease/infectious bronchitis combination vaccines on the head-associated lymphoid tissues of the chicken. 920 6

This paper reviews the current clinical use of psychotropic drugs and suggests new directions for future drug development. The author reviews the contemporary pharmacotherapy of depression, anxiety disorders, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder and summarizes current trends in the drug treatment of psychiatric aspects of HIV disease. The increasing use of combination pharmacotherapy is discussed, as well as the impact of pharmacokinetics in clinical psychopharmacology. The use of botanical products for psychiatric disorders and tobacco use in the psychiatric patient are also addressed. Current research is producing drugs that have greater specificity in their mechanism of action effecting faster clinical response with minimum adverse effects.
Conn Med 1997 Sep
PMID:New directions in clinical psychopharmacology. 933 14

We present the case of a 35-year-old woman who developed serotonin syndrome after receiving a single dose of the cyclic antidepressant imipramine (Tofranil). She was already being treated for depression with paroxetine (Paxil), a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Two hours after receiving imipramine, the patient developed tachycardia, delirium, bizarre movements, and myoclonus, all classic findings of serotonin syndrome. Her antidepressants were discontinued and she was treated with intravenous fluids, sedation, and a short course of cyproheptadine, a serotonin receptor antagonist. All symptoms resolved completely within 24 hours. In this case report, we review the drug interactions that can precipitate serotonin syndrome, and give recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of this potentially fatal disorder.
Conn Med 1997 Nov
PMID:Serotonin syndrome: case report and review of the literature. 941 60

The low detection rate and undertreatment of depression in general medical practice is pervasive. The persistence of this problem suggests that doubt remains within elements of the medical profession that depression is a medical condition meriting medical treatment, as opposed to an existential state, inevitable for the human condition. Depression is a physical and psychological clinical disorder which affects every aspect of human physiology. As such it deserves consideration as a comorbid medical illness requiring treatment as does hypertension in relation to diabetes. This article will illustrate how clinical depression is a comorbid medical illness requiring detection and treatment through the analysis of depression's impact on two conditions called Syndrome X. Conditions labeled Syndrome X in endocrinology and cardiology demonstrate how depression amplifies the pathophysiology of endocrine and cardiac disease and diminishes functional variability (regularizes variance) found in normal physiology.
Conn Med 2000 Jun
PMID:Syndrome X, depression, and chaos: relevance to medical practice. 1090 97


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