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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This article reports on a study of 64 female substance abusers in residential treatment for chemical dependency. This study was conducted with the purpose of describing the associations between: (a) demographic characteristics, (b) presence and severity of addiction, (c) depression, and (d) self-esteem. All participants were drawn from inpatient females, and were administered questionnaires that included the following instruments: (a) Screening/Intake Assessment, (b) the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test, (c) the Addiction Presence and Severity Index, (d) the Provision of Social Relations Scale, (e) the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and (f) the Costello-Comrey Depression Scale. Multivariate analyses revealed that levels of self-esteem were related to detoxification status and social support. Depression levels were associated with social support, and severity of addiction was more pronounced for White clients than Black clients in this study. Implications for program development are discussed.
J Subst Abuse Treat 2000 Jan
PMID:Female substance abuse: characteristics and correlates in a sample of inpatient clients. 1063 8

Although motivation for drug abuse treatment is a substantial problem, unilateral intervention through concerned significant others (CSOs) represents a promising method for engaging unmotivated individuals. The Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT) program, based on principles of reinforcement was developed for this specific purpose. In Phase I, CSOs received the CRAFT intervention, whereby they were taught skills for modifying a loved one's drug-using behavior and for enhancing treatment engagement. CSOs were evaluated at 3 and 6 months. In Phase II, engaged drug users received treatment using the Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA). A total of 62 CSOs participated in this evaluation of the effectiveness of CRAFT. CSOs completed, on average, 87% of offered treatment sessions. During the 6-month study period, 74% succeeded in engaging their resistant loved one in treatment. Reported abstinence both from illicit drugs and alcohol increased significantly for drug users engaged in treatment, but not for unengaged cases. All CSOs showed significant reduction in depression, anxiety, anger, and physical symptoms, with average scores dropping into the normal range on all measures. CRAFT provides a promising alternative to confrontational and detachment approaches in counseling CSOs to help their loved ones.
J Subst Abuse 1998
PMID:Community reinforcement and family training (CRAFT): engaging unmotivated drug users in treatment. 1068 61

This article focuses on the variability in well-being of 102 women in continuous recovery from addiction for 1 to 5 years. Univariate and bivariate analyses of cross-sectional data on recent depressive symptomatology, and psychosocial stress and coping strategies before and during recovery yielded the following findings: (a) Nearly a third of the sample reported scores above the 16-point cut-off on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, indicating risk for depression; (b) over half had a history of diagnosed depression; (c) perceived stress in 16 life domains significantly decreased from prerecovery to recovery; (d) by recovery, participants significantly increase their use of positive strategies, but they continued use some negative ones; and (e) risk for high depressive symptomatology was greatest among those who were married or cohabiting, had a history of clinical of depression, high perceived stress in areas of money and emotional and physical health. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for treatment and aftercare.
J Subst Abuse Treat 2000 Mar
PMID:Depressive symptoms, stress, and coping among women recovering from addiction. 1071 99

This study examines panic attacks and substance use in a non-clinical, young adult sample. Two hundred seventy-nine college students completed questionnaires that assessed non-clinical panic attacks, alcohol and drug use behavior, and anxiety and depression symptoms. Non-clinical panickers (n = 25) were significantly more likely than non-panickers (N = 222) to report using sedatives, but not alcohol, cocaine, stimulants, or other drugs. Among non-clinical panickers, sedative use was not associated with distress about panic attacks, panic attack frequency, the occurrence of unexpected attacks, or general anxiety or depression symptoms. Coping-motivated alcohol use, though not associated with non-clinical panic, was significantly associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. These results are discussed in terms of theories of the co-morbidity between substance use and panic disorder.
J Subst Abuse 2000
PMID:Substance use and non-clinical panic attacks in a young adult sample. 1075 10

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of paternal alcohol problems, antisocial behavior, and depression in predicting parental attitudes toward their 12-month-old infants. Families were recruited from birth records and the final sample consisted of 216 families, 101 in the control group and 115 families with alcoholic fathers (92 with light drinking partners and 23 with heavy drinking partners). Results indicated that fathers' alcoholism was associated with higher paternal aggravation with the infant. Further, fathers' depression mediated the relationship between fathers' current alcohol problems and aggravation. Fathers' alcoholism was indirectly associated with maternal aggravation and warmth through the relationship with maternal antisocial behavior and depression. Results suggest that at least during early infancy, parental psychopathology associated with fathers' alcohol problems may play a more important role in predicting parental attitudes toward their infants than alcoholism per se. Results are further discussed in terms of their implications for parenting and later development among infants of alcoholics.
J Subst Abuse 2000
PMID:Paternal alcoholism, parental psychopathology, and aggravation with infants. 1075 11

The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of major depression in two cohorts of injection drug users, those enrolled in a Rhode Island Methadone Maintenance Treatment Program (MMTP) and those enrolled in a Rhode Island Needle Exchange Program (NEP) using cross-sectional interviews. Symptomatic and duration criteria for major depression in the last 6 months were identified using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID). Among 528 persons interviewed, 54% of those in NEP and 42% of those in MMTP met criteria for major depression. Using multivariate logistic regression, women (odds ratio [OR] 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.7-3.7), persons with alcohol use disorders (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.1-2. 7), and persons without a current partner (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.2-2.6) were more likely to be depressed controlling for age, race, education and HIV status. Persons enrolled in MMTP were less likely to be depressed (OR 0.6; 95% CI 0.4-0.8) than NEP. Higher rates of depression were found among NEP attendees than among those enrolled in MMTP. Mental health referrals should be part of the growing number of needle exchanges in the United States.
J Subst Abuse Treat 2000 Jun
PMID:Depression among needle exchange program and methadone maintenance clients. 1081 5

We examined the association between relapse-to-drinking and depressive symptomatology measured during inpatient treatment for alcohol disorder and 3 months posttreatment. Data were obtained from 298 veterans who completed 21-day inpatient treatment. Follow-up interviews were conducted at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months posttreatment. We used multiple logistic regression to assess the association between relapse and baseline/3-month posttreatment measures of depression (Beck Depression Inventory; BDI), controlling for important covariates. Our results showed that (a) the mild-to-moderately symptomatic participants (BDI = 14-19) at 3 months posttreatment were on average 2.9 times more likely than the nondepressed to have relapsed across follow-ups, and (b) the severely symptomatic participants (BDI = 20+) at 3 months posttreatment were on average 4.9 times more likely to have relapsed across follow-ups. Other analyses revealed that those with persistent depressive symptomatology reported at both baseline and 3 months posttreatment did not experience worse outcomes that those who reported symptomatology at 3 months posttreatment alone.
J Subst Abuse Treat 2000 Oct
PMID:Depression after alcohol treatment as a risk factor for relapse among male veterans. 1102 96

Domestic violence affects millions of Americans, many of whom deny or refuse to admit that that they are victims of abuse. Assessing patients at risk for domestic violence is a critical aspect of providing comprehensive primary care. As social agents, with moral and ethical responsibility, primary care providers must advocate for clients in the fight against domestic violence. Primary health care agencies must adopt uniform policies that assure that all women, children, and elders at risk for abuse are screened using a simple tool that becomes part of the primary care record. Screening for abuse should become part of an annual screening process, not unlike screening patients for high blood pressure or high cholesterol. If patients are suspected of being abused, document this on the problem list so subsequent providers will know to explore the possibility of abuse with patients. Multiple forms of abuse occur in families, and signs of abuse are usually subtle in nature. Abuse may be the reason for failed office visits, noncompliance with medications, depression, and other unexplained physical and psychological signs and symptoms. If we fail to ask, we will never know how many of our patients are victims of abuse and in need of our help.
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PMID:Domestic violence: a life-span approach to assessment and intervention. 1114 28

Abuse of women by their intimate partner is a staggering national problem. Abused women have a higher number of medically unexplained somatic symptoms, more functional disability, a lower self-rating of general health, and higher health care utilization when compared to nonabused women. The authors' purpose in this study was to examine differences in occurrences of negative life experiences, level of depression, and T-cell function between abused and nonabused women. The sample consisted of abused women (n = 12) and nonabused women (n = 12). Hypotheses tested were (1) abused women will have more negative life experiences than nonabused women, (2) abused women will have higher levels of depression than nonabused women, and (3) abused women will have reduced T-cell function compared to nonabused women. A cross-sectional cohort design was used to compare differences in negative life experiences, levels of depression, and T-cell function. Independent sample t-tests were performed comparing the abused versus nonabused women on the dependent measures. Significant differences were found between the groups for negative life experiences (LES; t = 2.29, p < 0.05), level of depression (BDI; t = 3.48, p < 0.01), and T-cell function (TMR; t = -5.62, p < 0.01). These findings are descriptive and do not establish causal links. However, this is an inquiry into the psychological and biobehavioral responses of women experiencing abuse and their potential health problems. The study shows that abused women reported more negative life experiences, experienced higher levels of depression, and experienced lower T-cell function when compared with nonabused women.
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PMID:Negative life experiences, depression, and immune function in abused and nonabused women. 1123 14

DRUG ABUSERS: Drugs are widely used by toxicomaniacs to reproduce drug effects. Drug abusers generally start with psychotrops, but other abuse drug classes. Toxicomanic behavior leads to addictive practices that are difficult to control. BARBITURATES: Both the oral and intravenous routes are used. The expected result is a state of ecstasy with a feeling of comfort. Intoxication may cause respiratory depression. Barbiturates induce physical and psychic dependence. Abuse is not widespread with this class of drugs. BENZODIAZEPINES: Drug abuses widely use benzodiazepines orally or intravenously. They search for a flash effect, with sedation and a feeling of comfort. All benzodiazepines induce physical and psychic dependence. Death may result from combinations leading to respiratory depression. Flunitrazepam is the most widely abused benzodiazepine in France. It induces serious neuropsychic disorders. ANTIDEPRESSANTS: Few are used, mostly at high doses. OPIATES: Administration gives the same effect as heroine injection. Opiates induce physical and psychic dependence. The adverse effects are similar to those of morphine with a higher risk of respiratory depression. AMPHETAMINES: Few are used, either orally or intravenously. They induce a flash with excitation, euphoria, and a period of invincibility. This is followed by a period of depression with risk of suicide. Psychic dependence is high. ANTICHOLINERGIC ANTIPARKINSONIANS: These drugs are well known to abusers for their hallucinatory effect. They induce atropinic adverse effects and physical and psychic dependence. GAMMA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE: This anesthetic is used for its euphoria and sedation effects. It may induce falling sickness or coma, with a risk of respiratory depression. KETAMINE: Administered via the intranasal route, ketamine induces a state of indifference. Death has been observed. ANABOLIC AND ANDROGENIC STEROIDS: These drugs are used for their physical and psychic stimulating effect. They induce potentially dangerous adverse effects such as cardiovascular, hepatic, neurological and psychiatric disorders. Clinical signs of addiction and weaning are observed. OTHERS: Several other drug classes are used by abusers, including analgics, beta-adrenergic agents, nasal vasoconstrictors and corticosteroids.
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PMID:[Drugs and drug abusers]. 1125 79


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