Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Data from the Vietnam Experience Study (Centers for Disease Control [CDC], 1988a) were used to investigate differences in sociodemographic characteristics, psychological functioning, and social support among five groups: (a) controls; (b) alcohol use disorder only; (c) alcohol use disorder and major depression; (d) alcohol use disorder and generalized anxiety, and (e) alcohol use disorder and antisocial personality (ASP). Consistent with prior findings, alcoholics with co-occurring disorders were more pervasively dysfunctional across the domains measured than the controls, and in some instances, than the alcohol use disorder only group. Differences among alcohol-comorbid groups also were found. The alcohol-depression group had the highest number of elevated MMPI scores, the highest levels of negative affect, and along with the alcohol-ASP group, the lowest levels of perceived social support. The alcohol-ASP group had the highest school dropout rate and, along with the alcohol-depression group, the earliest onset of problem drinking. Results were discussed regarding the importance of identifying distinctive psychosocial variables associated with alcoholic subtypes that may enhance perspectives on etiology, prevention, and treatment.
J Subst Abuse 1994
PMID:Alcoholic subtypes: psychosocial functioning in Vietnam era men. 770 5

Depression was assessed in a sample of alcohol-dependent inpatients using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS), and the SCL-90R. Initially, comparisons were made regarding the prevalence of depression among the three scales, and then regarding the relationship of each depression scale to symptoms of alcohol dependence and amount of drinking. Subjects were 59 inpatients enrolled in an alcohol-dependence treatment program at a university-affiliated health center. The prevalence of depression in the sample ranged from 20% with the DIS criteria to 42% with the SCL-90R. The relationship of depression to measures of alcohol dependence varied, depending upon the scale. Symptoms of alcohol dependence did not differ between depressed and nondepressed subjects using the DIS current or lifetime diagnosis, but symptoms of alcohol dependence were greater among those subjects considered depressed according to the other scales. Possible reasons for such differences are discussed, as are both clinical and research considerations.
J Subst Abuse 1994
PMID:Assessing depression in alcoholics with the BDI, SCL-90R, and DIS criteria. 770 6

Despite attempts to eliminate the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances of abuse by women of childbearing age, especially during gestation, apparently many do not curtail these negative lifestyle behaviors, as evidenced by the number of poor birth outcomes and developmentally disabled children born each year. This study examined the relationship of depression, attitude toward pregnancy, a number of sociodemographic variables, and substance use by women of child-bearing age prior to and after learning of their pregnancies. Results indicated that attitude independently, and depression independently and in interaction with socio-demographic factors are associated with substance use at both time points. From this we conclude that preventive efforts should be designed and targeted at those women who are depressed, especially those who have the sociodemographic characteristics associated with heavier substance use.
J Subst Abuse 1994
PMID:The motivational correlates of drinking, smoking, and illicit drug use during pregnancy. 780 15

The development of a retrospective, investigator-based interview measure of Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA) used with two community samples of adults in London is described. The component ratings are shown to have satisfactory inter-rater reliability and also validity as determined by agreement between sisters' independent accounts. The association between the different childhood scales is explored as well as the relationship of childhood experiences to adult depression. Methodological issues concerning investigator-based versus respondent-based measures of childhood are discussed and a case made for use of the former. Advantages of using the CECA, a retrospective, time-based measure of childhood, are outlined.
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PMID:Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA): a retrospective interview measure. 786 37

The relationship between parental substance use problems (SUPs) and the quality of parental relationships with levels of psychological symptomatology was examined in 155 female and 324 male methadone maintenance patients. Subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), SCL-90, and the Treatment Effectiveness Questionnaire (TEQ), which included questions regarding demographics, drug use, family/social relationships, and substance use in relatives. Of those completing the questionnaire, 40% were randomly selected for an Addiction Severity Index (ASI) interview. As hypothesized, parental SUPs were associated with greater levels of psychological symptomatology, more family/social, and medical problems. Positive parental relationships were associated with significantly lower levels of psychological symptomatology and fewer family/social problems. Males were significantly more likely than females to report positive parental relationships and no parental SUPs. No differences based on race were revealed related to reports of the quality parental relationships or parental SUPs.
J Subst Abuse Treat
PMID:Parental relationships and substance use among methadone patients. The impact on levels of psychological symptomatology. 786 62

We examined the patient characteristics of 340 subjects in methadone treatment to determine if these characteristics could differentiate among three "stages" of work during the past year (stable unemployment, intermittent work, and stable employment). A multiple discriminant function analysis was able to classify correctly 14% of the cases beyond chance. Results of these analyses found lower depression scores, cocaine abstinence, education, and marital status correlated with stable employment conditions. Interventions designed to change these characteristics may improve employment conditions among methadone patients.
J Subst Abuse Treat
PMID:Factors associated with employment among methadone patients. 786 65

Studies of the importance of depression for treatment outcome in hierarchical therapeutic communities are scarce. Therefore, a total of 144 substance abusers consecutively entering Phoenix House in Oslo were followed prospectively through an entire 18-month program. Using a structured interview and two self-report instruments, Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory and Symptom Checklist-90, 69% of the clients were depressive cases at the time of application. However, depression alone did not predict dropout during the following 1-year inpatient phase. Of the 36 clients who completed the drug-free inpatient year, 19% were depressive cases at this point. Thus being depressed after 1 year increased the risk for dropout five times compared to being nondepressed. The study demonstrates the need for a modification of the treatment model, which might include the use of antidepressant and/or individual psychotherapy, at least in the outpatient phase.
J Subst Abuse Treat
PMID:Self-reported depression as a predictor of dropout in a hierarchical therapeutic community. 786 69

Men and women in recovery from addiction were compared on levels of depression and self-conscious affect including proneness to shame, guilt, externalization, detachment, and pride. The sample consisted of 130 subjects (88 men and 42 women; mean age 33.04), 90 of whom were active participants in a 12-step recovery program, and 40 of whom were in a residential treatment community. Subjects completed The Beck Depression Inventory and The Test of Self-Conscious Affect. Significant differences between the sexes were found for proneness to shame, detachment, and depression. Women were significantly higher on shame and depression; men were significantly higher on detachment. The subjects were compared to subjects who were not chemically dependent. It was found that these recovering drug-addicted subjects scored significantly higher in proneness to shame and externalization and significantly lower on proneness to guilt. Treatment implications of proneness to shame in the drug-addicted population, and particularly in women, are discussed. The use of confrontational drug treatment strategies may be contraindicated.
J Subst Abuse Treat
PMID:Shame, guilt, and depression in men and women in recovery from addiction. 788 34

Our study sought to demonstrate the importance of attending to methodological issues in the study of personality characteristics of offspring of substance abusers (OSAs). A 4 x 2 factorial design, Parental Mental Health (no known psychological problems, substance abuse, other psychological problems, or dual diagnosis) x Exposure to Abuse/Neglect (present or absent), was used to examine depression proneness, neuroticism, alexithymia, self-esteem, self-concept, and locus of control in young adults. Results of this study demonstrated that in order to determine whether characteristics of OSAs are uniquely related to parental substance abuse, a psychiatric control group is needed. Also, the importance of separating the influences of other family environment variables (e.g., exposure to abuse/neglect) was demonstrated. None of the differences between groups in this study could be attributed to parental substance abuse per se; rather, the concomitants of substance abuse (i.e., exposure to abuse/neglect) were found to be more strongly related to poorer adjustment in OSAs. Finally, it was shown that the proportion of treatment-seeking subjects included in the sample affected the level of pathology observed. These results are discussed in relation to previous findings, and recommendations regarding methodology are made for future studies.
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PMID:Personality characteristics of young adult offspring of substance abusers: a study highlighting methodological issues. 793 26

Smoking variables were assessed in female (n = 48) and male (n = 28) French hospitalized depressed smokers. Nicotine dependence, motives for smoking, and emotional situations in which depressed smokers were likely to smoke were compared with those of female (n = 36) and male (n = 60) nondepressed smokers from the general population. Depressed smokers scored higher than controls on nicotine dependence, and on stimulant and sedative smoking; they also reported that they were more likely to smoke in negative emotional situations. Sedative smoking decreased significantly between admission and discharge. Sedative smoking is a strong reason for smoking among depressed smokers regardless of degree of dependence, whereas stimulant smoking is positively correlated with degree of dependence. Nicotine dependence is also significantly correlated with anhedonia, and its relationship to depression is discussed in regard to nicotine action on hedonic systems.
J Subst Abuse 1994
PMID:Nicotine dependence and motives for smoking in depression. 808 Nov 10


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