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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
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In Dutch samples of treated heroin addicts, high prevalences of a heterogeneous psychiatric co-morbidity can be found with regard to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (third edition) (DSM-III) classifications, Zung Depression Inventory, and sum scores of a 90-item Symptom Checklist (SCL-90). A high-threshold (N = 87) and a low-threshold (N = 116) program are compared with regard to psychopathology and severity of psychopathology. A consecutive admissions design was used. More than 50% of the respondents suffered from a lifetime DSM-III Axis I disorder (70% with antisocial personality disorder included), and 40% were still suffering from one of the disorders in the year preceding the interview. Schizophrenia was diagnosed five times as much as in normal population samples (5%). The most frequently diagnosed disorders were recurrent major depression, phobic disorders, alcohol abuse and dependence, dysthymic disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. The prevalences of DSM-III disorders, the total number of symptoms, and the score on the Zung Depression Inventory and 90-item Symptom Checklist were all significantly higher in treatment-seeking drug addicts entering the high-threshold program. Within each program, three clinically meaningful subgroups can be distinguished: one group with DSM-III Axis I lifetime or current psychopathology and/or antisocial personality disorder, one with antisocial personality disorder only, and one with neither DSM-III psychopathology nor antisocial personality disorder. Possibly, self-selection results in patients with more serious conditions entering more treatment-oriented facilities. Odds ratios show that schizophrenia and mood disorders and especially associated on a lifetime and current basis.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1992
PMID:Prevalence of psychopathology in drug-addicted Dutch. 131 65

Psychiatric comorbidities have been shown to be important predictors of the outcome of alcoholism treatment. This study examines whether perceived lack of social support can be identified as an independent predictor of symptoms of depression experienced during alcoholism treatment over and above the effects of personality characteristics and the severity of alcohol and psychiatric history. We studied 189 alcoholic men in treatment at a rural midwestern Department of Veterans Affairs medical center. Multiple regression analyses found that reduced social support significantly predicted depression (measured by the Beck Depression Inventory) during treatment while controlling for personality characteristics and the alcoholism and psychiatric subscales of the Addiction Severity Index. Although self-esteem, neuroticism, and psychiatric severity also were significantly associated with depression in the hierarchical regression model, social support demonstrated the strongest unique contribution to depression of any of the predictors. These results suggest that social support has an independent association with depression and perhaps may play an important role in improving treatment compliance and the outcome of alcoholism treatment.
J Subst Abuse 1992
PMID:Social support and depression in men during alcoholism treatment. 132 Sep 72

Recent research suggests that psychopathology, in particular depression and anxiety, differentially affects the substance abuse treatment response of men and women. This study explores the relationship between global psychopathology, depression, anxiety, and alcoholism treatment outcome. These variables were assessed in a sample of 507 (373 men; 134 women) substance abuse clients at intake and at a 6-month follow-up. With the exception of alcohol dependence, there were significant differences in the levels of alcohol problems, depression, anxiety, and global psychopathology for men and women at both intake and follow-up. For the whole sample and for men, initial levels of alcohol problems and alcohol dependence were the best predictors of alcohol problems at follow-up. For women, the initial levels of alcohol dependence and a global measure of psychological functioning were predictive of outcome at follow-up. These findings are compared with past research, and suggestions for further investigation are proposed.
J Subst Abuse 1992
PMID:Gender differences in depression and anxiety among alcoholics. 145 41

Affective distress and related symptoms associated with co-injected cocaine and opioid ("speedball") use are incompletely explored, and the extent to which they diverge from problems shown by cocaine abusers who do not prefer opioids is unknown. This investigation compared groups of speedball and non-speedball cocaine users on global measures of depression and anxiety and modal groupings of personality characteristics measured by the MMPI. Compared to men who use cocaine without opioids, compulsive speedball users evidenced significantly greater problems with depression, trait anxiety, and related symptomatology, and were more uniformly characterized by modal profiles reflecting severe psychopathology and maladjustment. These results agree with descriptions of severe pathology associated with speedball use.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1992
PMID:Cocaine and speedball users: differences in psychopathology. 147 27

This study compared male and female alcoholics in terms of family history of alcoholism, Antisocial Personality (ASP), and depression on the course, consequences, and 1-year treatment outcome. The sample included 266 subjects (197 men and 69 women) who were hospitalized for treatment of alcoholism from three facilities in the greater Hartford area. Female alcoholics reported higher rates of alcoholism among their fathers than men across all diagnostic categories. Both male and female alcoholics who were diagnosed as having ASP reported higher alcoholism among their fathers than those with depression or no other diagnoses. Male alcoholics reported a longer duration of alcohol abuse and a higher number of lifetime alcohol-related problems than women. Subjects with ASP reported more childhood behavior problems, higher levels of alcohol consumption, and more affective and physical disturbances in the month prior to hospitalization whereas no gender differences were found on those variables. ASP alcoholics reported poorer 1-year treatment outcomes than non-ASP alcoholics. Males who were diagnosed as having depression tended to relapse, although the diagnosis of depression tended to modify the rate of relapse among women. The rate of depression was higher among women than men at the 1-year follow-up.
J Subst Abuse 1991
PMID:Gender comparison of antisocial personality disorder and depression in alcoholism. 166 27

Research on problem drinking among older adults has been hampered by the lack of specialized instruments to assess drinking problems. In this paper, we examine the psychometric properties of a 17-item measure specifically designed to assess drinking problems in this population. The Drinking Problems Index (DPI) exhibits excellent psychometric properties, with an internal consistency reliability estimate of .94, a cross-temporal correlation over a 1-year interval of .66, and cross-sectional correlations with alcohol consumption at two points a year apart of .37 and .42. In addition, the construct validity of the DPI is supported by significant concurrent correlations indicating that persons who have more drinking-related problems experience more depression, have less self-confidence, and participate in fewer social activities. Consistent with the high internal consistency reliability estimate, a factor analysis confirmed that the measure is largely unifactorial. Overall, the findings suggest that the DPI is a reliable and valid instrument for assessing problems associated with drinking in surveys of older persons.
J Subst Abuse 1991
PMID:The Drinking Problems Index: a measure to assess alcohol-related problems among older adults. 182 Dec 93

STAR, a methadone clinic in Portland, Oregon employs a psychoeducational approach in an attempt to provide coherent, comprehensive treatment in meeting diverse client needs. Two hundred and thirty-eight STAR clients completed a 133 item survey as part of an evaluative review of the efficacy of the psychoeducational model. Clients were asked about their perceived treatment needs and expectations, drug use, criminality, mental and physical health, social and economic stability, and their sense of self-worth and life satisfaction. Respondents reported that receiving methadone was the most useful and best liked aspect of treatment, followed by individual counseling, and education and skill classes. Clients indicated low rates of criminal behavior and drug use, but acknowledged high rates of psychological symptoms including depression, anxiety, and irritability, and rated as very important the need to reduce drug use and to improve health, to achieve a sense of life satisfaction, to enhance feelings about self and relationships, especially those with their children. A majority of the respondents had less than adequate income, and a substantial minority had less than a high school education. Longer time in treatment at STAR was associated with reduced heroin and cocaine use and improvements in social, economic and legal realms. The discussion focuses on implications for methadone treatment in general and possible modifications of the STAR program.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1991
PMID:A psychoeducational approach to methadone maintenance treatment: a survey of client reactions. 196 Jul 65

To evaluate the persistence of depression in alcoholic women, depressive symptomatology was assessed systematically via the Beck Depression Inventory at intake, 3, and 6 months of treatment. Fifty-five female alcoholics were diagnosed for concurrent psychiatric diagnosis. Results revealed differences in the course of depression for female alcoholics with (a) no concurrent diagnosis, (b) dysthymic disorder, and (c) personality disorder. Despite a decrease in depression for the sample as a whole, dysthymic alcoholics were consistently more depressed than the other two subgroups and remained depressed during the first 6 months of treatment. Depression did not significantly remit with sobriety.
J Subst Abuse 1990
PMID:Six-month course of depression in female alcoholics. 213 22

Recent investigations of Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs) have focused on identifying factors associated with psychological resilience and their role in academic achievement. The present study hypothesized that rather than being associated with psychological resilience, academic achievement more likely would be associated with decreased psychological functioning or emotional distance due to the single-minded pursuit of one particular endeavor. Gender differences in types of problems reported by ACOAs were also hypothesized. In a sample of 419 college students, ACOAs reported more problems than non-ACOAs in areas of interpersonal anxiety, depression, and family problems but not academic skills. There were few gender effects. Results were discussed in terms of the psychological resilience hypothesis.
J Subst Abuse 1990
PMID:College student adult children of alcoholics: psychological resilience or emotional distance? 213 27

The aim of the present study was to identify the predictor variables of depression among alcoholics in a Turkish mental hospital. A questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were utilized to collect data from 71 male alcoholics. A stepwise multiple regression analysis between the BDI scores and demographic and health-related variables resulted in the identification of marital problems and physical problems due to alcohol as the risk factors. The findings are discussed within the context of the findings from Western countries and the similarities are pointed out.
J Subst Abuse Treat 1990
PMID:Depression among alcoholics in a Turkish sample. 229 Jan 89


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