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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) ratings of 69 patients with major depression (MD) were employed in an attempt to define subgroups of MD with more homogeneous evoked potential (EP) findings than the MD group as a whole. Correlations were computed between 6 BPRS ratings and scores for 32 EP factors; 14 correlations were significant. These indicated mainly that EP values were related to severity of depression. When age- and gender-matched groups of MDs with above- and below-median depressive mood (D) ratings were compared with controls, 3 of the 10 factors differing significantly between groups gave evidence of two different subgroups of MD. EPs of these subgroups differed from those of controls in opposite directions. Such bidirectional differences from normal suggest differing pathophysiology in the subgroups and support the multiple process view of depression.
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PMID:Evoked potential topography in major depression. II. Comparisons between subgroups. 145 82

In order to test the effects of various biological treatments on serotonergic function in depression, twenty-one patients with a diagnosis of major depression underwent neuroendocrine challenge tests before and after treatment with either ECT, fluoxetine or amitriptyline. The serotonin (5-HT) releasing agent d-fenfluramine was used as a challenge drug and cortisol (CORT) and prolactin (PRL) plasma levels were monitored over a 5-h period. Overall PRL responses were significantly enhanced following pharmacotherapy irrespective of therapeutic outcome. Effective treatment in each case lowered baseline CORT levels but CORT response to d-fenfluramine remained blunted. Hypercortisolaemia may be involved in the impaired pretreatment PRL response as a strong inverse relationship was established, for the combined studies, between basal CORT plasma concentrations and PRL responses.
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PMID:D-fenfluramine-induced prolactin and cortisol release in major depression: response to treatment. 146 Jan 63

This study investigated sleep EEG during placebo and after cholinergic stimulation with RS 86 in 36 healthy subjects, 34 patients with major depression and 20 patients with anxiety disorders. Cholinergic stimulation with RS 86 led to a decrease of slow wave sleep and REM latency. RS 86 had a more profound impact on REM latency in patients with major depression than in healthy controls and patients with anxiety disorders. Six out of 36 healthy controls, three out of 20 patients with anxiety disorders and 24 of 34 patients with depression displayed sleep onset REM periods after cholinergic stimulation. Also effects on REM density and duration of the first REM period were more pronounced in major depression. Even in those patients with anxiety disorders and a secondary major depression no depression-like sleep abnormalities could be provoked. The results underline the usefulness of the cholinergic REM induction test to differentiate patients with major depression from those with other psychiatric disorders. The results can be interpreted as further evidence for the cholinergic-aminergic imbalance model of depression and for the reciprocal interaction model of nonREM-REM regulation.
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PMID:The sleep structure of patients with anxiety disorders in comparison to that of healthy controls and depressive patients under baseline conditions and after cholinergic stimulation. 146 Jan 68

We used three rating scales to study diurnal variation of mood in 37 patients with major depressive disorder (17 drug-free patients and 20 treatment refractory patients on stable regimens of antidepressant medication). The three rating scales included global self-ratings administered twice a day; an itemized, prospective, observer-rated scale administered twice a day; and the retrospective item on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Z scores and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients demonstrated a poor level of agreement between the itemized, prospective scale and the self-ratings. In addition, stepwise multiple regression analysis and point bi-serial correlation showed no systematic relationship between atypical diurnal variation (i.e., mood worsening in the evening) and atypical depressive symptoms (weight gain, hypersomnia, etc.), or between typical diurnal variation (i.e., mood worsening in the morning) and typical depressive symptoms (weight loss, insomnia, etc.). This lack of relationship was observed in both drug-free and medicated patients using each of the three rating scales. We discuss possible explanations for these negative findings.
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PMID:Diurnal variation: reliability of measurement and relationship to typical and atypical symptoms of depression. 146 Jan 70

Nineteen of 42 (45.2%) patients were socially phobic when and only when depressed. Each of these patients met diagnostic criteria for primary depression (Research Diagnostic Criteria) and major depression (DSM-III-R). Every subject had three or more distinct episodes of depression. Eight of the 9 men (88.9%) and 11 of the 33 women (33.3%) were socially phobic when depressed (p = 0.004). Patients with recurrent wintertime episodes of major depression (p = 0.036) and a past history of alcohol or drug abuse were more likely to be socially phobic (p = 0.0001). The authors suggest the 19 socially phobic patients with primary depression should be regarded as having secondary social phobia. Secondary social phobia may be an important source of comorbidity in patients with primary depression.
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PMID:Secondary social phobia in patients with major depression. 146 45

Family studies suggest some common etiological factors in panic disorder and depression. The observation of characteristic depression-like polysomnographic alterations in panic disorder patients would further underline the assumed biological interface between the two psychiatric disorders. In a polysomnographic study of 22 inpatients with panic disorder, 12 inpatients with major depression, and 12 control subjects, we found that both groups of patients had one major feature of depression-like sleep: a shortened rapid eye movement (REM) latency. However, the patterns of the first hours of polysomnography showed more differences than similarities between these psychiatric disorders, indicating that the shortened REM latency apparently is merely a common final pathway of different alterations in sleep regulation. Our findings, therefore, provide more evidence against than for a significant biological interface between panic disorder and depression.
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PMID:Panic disorder and major depression: a comparative electroencephalographic sleep study. 146 46

This study examines the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder; missed work; and mental health services use among secretaries and other women employed full-time. In a random sample of 3,484 women employed full-time, women employed as secretaries were significantly more likely to be depressed than other women even after controlling for socio-demographic characteristics (odds ratio = 1.69, 95% confidence interval = 1.05, 2.73). Secretaries were significantly more likely to report missing work in the last three months (odds ratio = 1.77, confidence interval = 1.01, 3.11); a finding not attributable to depression. Secretaries were also more likely to seek mental health services, but this finding was not significant (odds ratio = 1.78, confidence interval = 0.55, 5.78). It is possible that these findings are attributable to a selection effect whereby depressed women, and women who are likely to miss work, become secretaries. A second possibility is that women employed as secretaries have more "nonwork role stress" than other employed women. Alternatively, job conditions which result in dissatisfaction and stress may lead to depression and absenteeism. We believe our findings warrant further investigation into the work environment of secretaries.
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PMID:Secretaries, depression and absenteeism. 146 2

Regional cerebral blood flow was investigated in 14 patients with major depression diagnosed according to the DSM-III-R criteria (six patients with single and eight patients with recurrent episodes) and in ten healthy volunteers. The mean ages of the patients and the controls were 33.5 +/- 2.7 and 31.6 +/- 2.6 years, respectively. The severity of the depression was assessed using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (mean: 23.2 +/- 1.5). None of the patients was under medication. After administration of 500 MBq technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime, a single photon emission tomography study was performed and then transaxial, sagittal and coronal slices were obtained. For the semiquantitative analysis of the data, the ratios of the mean counts/pixel to the whole slice were calculated for 24 regions on three consecutive transaxial slices in the orbitomeatal plane. Additionally, left/right and frontal/occipital ratios were calculated. Both sides of the temporal region had a significantly decreased cerebral blood flow (CBF) when compared to the controls. The left/right ratio of the prefrontal region was also significantly lower in the patients than in the controls. The Hamilton score had a negative correlation with blood flow in the anterofrontal and left prefrontal regions. According to our results, regional CBF seems to be decreased in the left prefrontal and in both temporal regions in major depression. The severity of depression is correlated with the reduction in CBF in the regions of the anterofrontal and left prefrontal cortex.
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PMID:Assessment of changes in regional cerebral blood flow in patients with major depression using the 99mTc-HMPAO single photon emission tomography method. 146 56

In a large multicenter effort, major depressives were systematically studied at index admission and prospectively followed up for 5 years. Primary unipolar depressives with a family history of alcoholism (depression spectrum disease) differ from depressives with a family history of depression only (familial pure depressive disease) in having more familial anxiety and somatization disorder, more divorce, more suicide attempts, more negative life events, and needed more time to recover from the index episode. In the 5-year follow-up they are more likely to develop alcoholism and drug abuse. Depressive spectrum disease patients are more likely to meet systematic criteria for neurotic depression. The data suggest that major depression is a syndrome that is heterogeneous, and may be a final common pathway of more than one familial illnesses.
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PMID:Familial subtypes of unipolar depression: a prospective study of familial pure depressive disease compared to depression spectrum disease. 146 81

Primary insomnia, major depression, and narcolepsy are usually considered to be separate disorders, distinguished by different polysomnographic profiles. But do polysomnographic data provide adequate evidence to segregate the three disorders, or might they display fundamentally the same sleep disturbance, differing only in degree? To test the viability of these two alternate hypotheses, the authors performed a meta-analysis of controlled polysomnographic studies of these disorders. A summary measure of degree of sleep disturbance was constructed from five variables: wakefulness after sleep onset, percentage of stage 1 sleep, percentage of stage 3 + 4 sleep, rapid eye movement (REM) latency, and REM density. The results of available studies for each variable were combined using a weighted average of effect sizes. An overall "sleep disturbance index" was then calculated by combining the estimates for the five above listed variables. On both the individual measures and especially on the summary index, insomnia, depression, and narcolepsy were arrayed on a simple continuum of progressively more severe sleep disturbance--congruent with the clinical observation that these disorders display progressively more disturbed sleep. These findings suggest that sleep can be disturbed in only a limited number of ways: in evaluating sleep architecture, it may not be possible to elaborate much beyond a single axis of good-to-bad sleep. Thus, polysomnographic measures may not provide adequate evidence to classify insomnia, depression, and narcolepsy as separate entities.
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PMID:Good sleep, bad sleep: a meta-analysis of polysomnographic measures in insomnia, depression, and narcolepsy. 146 88


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