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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a common, neuropsychiatric disorder which has many similarities to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). TS probands have a high frequency of a variety of behavioral disorders including depression. The depression may be due to a pleiotrophic effect of the Gts genes, proband ascertainment bias, or a result of coping with the chronic tics. To distinguish between these hypotheses we examined the responses to 17 Diagnostic Interview Schedule questions to evaluate the 9 DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive episode in 1,080 adults consisting of TS and ADHD probands, their relatives and controls. Using a Bonferonni corrected p there was a significant progressive increase in 16 of 17 depressive symptoms and for a life time history of a major depressive episode in groups with increased genetic loading for Gts genes. Similar trends were seen in the small number of ADHD probands and their relatives. There was also a significant increase for these variables in non-proband TS relatives versus non-TS relatives, indicating the association of depression with Gts genes was not due to ascertainment bias or the inappropriate choice of controls. Multiple linear regression analysis indicated that obsessive-compulsive behaviors, sex, ADHD, drug abuse, and age all showed a more significant effect on depressive symptoms than the number of tics. The presence or absence of TS in the relatives had a much greater effect on risk for depression than the presence or absence of an episode of major depression in the proband. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Gts and ADHD genes play a major role in depression.
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PMID:Role of genetic factors in depression based on studies of Tourette syndrome and ADHD probands and their relatives. 748 44

In November 1990 the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) convened a special conference of over 100 scientists and leaders to outline specific strategies and research initiatives that should be developed to implement the recently released National Plan for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Disorders. Participants included journal editors, educators from psychology and psychiatry, representatives from private foundations, and leaders of research program areas in public funding agencies. Critical knowledge gaps were identified in five areas of child and adolescent psychopathology, including depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, the anxiety disorders, and the developmental disorders. For each of these areas, special emphasis was placed on developing new ideas and obtaining critical input from other areas of investigation. This report summarizes the identified research gaps and recommends research initiatives to implement the National Plan, as outlined by the conference participants.
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PMID:Child and adolescent psychopathology research: problems and prospects for the 1990s. 750 3

This study investigated Rorschach Inkblot Test response patterns in a group of children diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and compared them to matched samples of clinical control and normal control groups. The findings indicated that the ADHD and clinical control groups both demonstrated markedly limited coping capacities, an avoidance of affect-laden stimuli, difficulties with self- and interpersonal perceptions, problems in perceiving reality accurately, and a vulnerability to depression. The ADHD group demonstrated significantly more intense feelings of isolation and discomfort, less social involvement, avoidance of decision-making, and more dependence, while the clinical control group demonstrated a significantly higher level of psychological disorganization and thinking problems.
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PMID:Personality attributes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using the Rorschach Inkblot Test. 759 79

We contrasted a sample of children and adolescents with affective disorders and mental retardation with a comparison group on behavioral symptoms, associated diagnoses, and psychopharmacologic treatment. Fifty consecutive patients with both impaired intellectual functioning and at least one affective disorder admitted to a psychiatric inpatient unit for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities and psychiatric disorders were matched to a group of 50 inpatients without depression. Behavioral symptoms such as suicidal ideation or gestures, crying, irritability, sleep problems, agitation, mood lability, and social withdrawal/isolation occurred significantly more often in the affective group than in the comparison group. Aggression, however, was the most frequent behavior concern for both groups, whereas disruption/destruction was identified significantly more often in the comparison group. Regarding Axis I diagnoses, the comparison group was more often identified with externalizing disorders (ADHD, ODD), though there was a high rate of comorbidity in the affective disorder group. The behavioral symptoms used to diagnosis normally developing children and adolescents appear to be applied in making affective disorders diagnoses in this sample of children and adolescents with mental retardation.
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PMID:Affective disorders in hospitalized children and adolescents with mental retardation: a retrospective study. 765 3

Four cases of psychosocial dwarfism are reported. The growth follow-up of these four children does not fit to the classical description of rapid improvement once separated from their defective or careless family. This illustrates the difficulties for some children to adapt themselves to a foster family and the need to refer them to an institutional center in order to solve their different somatic, nutritional and psychological problems, together with those of their family. In such cases the important growth retardation and hormonal changes may hide severe psychopathological troubles such as hyperkinetic syndrome, anxiety and, possibly, depression.
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PMID:[Growth retardation of psychosocial origin. Clinical and biological aspects in four cases]. 805 37

To assess relationships of total plasma cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) values to suicide, suicide ideation, and hospitalization for psychiatric disease, we studied 220 children, ages 5 to 18 y, hospitalized with affective, adjustment, disruptive, anxiety, schizophrenic, other, and organic psychiatric disorders. The 135 male and 85 female patients had higher TG values (p = 0.0001 and 0.0003, respectively) and higher Quetelet Indices (p = 0.0001 and 0.003, respectively) than the 732 male and 316 female schoolchild controls; male patients had higher TC values than male controls (p = 0.014). Substance abuse in patients was an independent inverse determinant of TC value (p = 0.05); TG value correlated positively with alcohol use (p < or = 0.1) and substance abuse (p < 0.05). After covariance adjustment for age, race, sex, and Quetelet, children having adjustment disorders with depression had much lower covariance-adjusted TC value than control schoolchildren (3.91 versus 4.29 mmol/L, p = 0.003), whereas those with disruptive behavior with oppositional defiant disorder had much higher adjusted TC value (5.09 mmol/L, p = 0.0001). After covariance adjusting for age, race, sex, Quetelet, cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and substance abuse, children having adjustment disorders with concomitant depression had the highest group suicide tendencies (attempts and ideation) and the lowest covariance-adjusted TC value (4.03 mmol/L). Conversely, children having disruptive behavior with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or disruptive behavior with oppoistional defiant disorder had 50% lower suicide index than those with adjustment disorders with concomitant depression and higher adjusted TC levels (4.45 and 5.12 mmol/L, p = 0.0003).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hypocholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, suicide, and suicide ideation in children hospitalized for psychiatric diseases. 806 45

Parent questionnaires from large Australian (N = 2093) and American (N = 500) clinic cohorts of adolescents were used to diagnose depression, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, and oppositional and conduct disorders. Co-occurrence of diagnoses was very high. Comorbidity between depression and conduct disorder was not higher than that expected for any psychiatric disorder (odds ratios = 1.20 and 1.45 respectively for each cohort) while comorbidity between attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and oppositional disorder was higher than expected (odds ratios = 7.03 and 9.02) but comparable to that between conduct and oppositional disorder (odds ratios = 7.35 and 6.14). Co-occurrence of depression with other disorders did not increase the likelihood of comorbid conduct disorder.
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PMID:Comorbidity between disruptive disorders and depression in referred adolescents. 806 55

Childhood depression is often found to share symptoms and coexist with several other childhood disorders and physiological conditions, leading to diagnostic errors and possibly inappropriate treatment. Literature relevant to the differential diagnosis of childhood depression is reviewed with particular attention given to the similarities and differences between depression and coexisting conditions such as anxiety disorders, conduct disorders, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The characteristics of childhood depression are compared and contrasted with other possible coexisting disorders. Diagnostic reasoning, confirmatory bias, and the advantages of considering multiple hypotheses when diagnosing depression are discussed.
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PMID:Differential diagnosis of childhood depression: using comorbidity and symptom overlap to generate multiple hypotheses. 817 93

We evaluated the convergence of CBCL scales with the diagnosis of ADHD and comorbid disorders in 133 ADHD and 118 normal control boys, aged 6-17 years old. We evaluated the strength of association between each CBCL scale and structured-interview derived diagnoses with Total Predictive Value (TPV) and the odds-ratio (OR). Excellent convergence was found between the CBCL Attention Problems scale with the diagnosis of ADHD, between the Delinquent Behavior scale and the diagnosis of CD, and between the Anxiety/Depression scale and the diagnoses of Anxiety Disorders. These findings indicate that the CBCL could serve as a rapid and useful screening instrument to identify comorbid and non-comorbid cases of ADHD.
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PMID:Convergence of the Child Behavior Checklist with structured interview-based psychiatric diagnoses of ADHD children with and without comorbidity. 824 44

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain has been used to define functional abnormalities in two groups of childhood behavior disorders: (1) a "primary" category in which there is exclusive or predominant presentation with cognitive and/or behavioral dysfunction and (2) encephalopathies, often defined etiologically at the biochemical or molecular level, in which clinical expression includes, but is not confined to, neural dysfunction. Radiopharmaceuticals available for such studies are manifold, but those used to date have been predominantly perfusion agents, eg, Xenon-133 (133Xe) and technetium-99m (99mTc) hexamethylpropylene amine oxime, and studies with [99mTc]bicisate are eagerly awaited. Xenon-133 studies require that the patient be in the field of view of the detector while the tracer is administered. This renders it difficult for a subject to perform cognitive and other exercises while being imaged, because the environment is quite foreign. On the other hand, the 99mTc-labeled perfusion agents permit a scintigraphic "snapshot" of regional cerebral blood flow during a behavioral event without having to have the patient under the imaging instrument. Thus, one can separate the administration of the radiotracer, which can be done under more controlled and physiological conditions, from the actual imaging. In addition, greater spatial resolution is achieved with the technetium-based agents. Currently, multidetector or dedicated annular crystal-type cameras are the preferred brain SPECT devices, and they are essential to applications such as cortical "activation mapping" or tomographic detection of receptor systems. Close attention to technical detail and standardization of the child's behavioral environment during the investigation are critical to a successful study. The relative advantages and disadvantages of qualitative versus semiquantitative analysis of imaging date are reviewed. Among primary behavioral disorders, 133Xe SPECT studies in attention deficit disorder-hyperactivity (ADHD) have suggested a pattern of hypoperfusion of striatal and periventricular structures with sensorimotor cortical hyperperfusion. This pattern is consistent with some neurophysiological models of the disorder. In cerebral palsy, perfusional abnormalities have paralleled clinical deficits and may offer information to help predict outcome. The important field of childhood affective disorders (schizophrenia, juvenile autism, depression, etc) remains largely unstudied with SPECT. Finally, representative examples of the use of SPECT to study perfusion in encephalopathies with behavioral expression (phenylketonuria, MELAS (mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) syndrome, Wilson's disease, etc) are given.
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PMID:Brain single-photon emission computed tomography for behavior disorders in children. 837 98


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