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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alterations in the pulmonary surfactant system are partly responsible for the respiratory insufficiency seen with acute pancreatitis. In this model of cerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats, we utilized a new stable isotope metabolic tracer technique to examine one aspect of the pulmonary surfactant system and its relationship to associated lung injury. We have demonstrated primary, early depression of lung phospholipid synthesis reflected in both lung tissue and alveolar washings. We suggest that this quantitative change in pulmonary surfactant synthetic rate may partly explain the occurrence of respiratory failure with acute pancreatitis.
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PMID:Lung injury in acute pancreatitis: primary inhibition of pulmonary phospholipid synthesis. 379 93

The cardiopulmonary effects of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) were studied in 14 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by circulatory and respiratory failure. Cardiac performance, lung mechanics, and gas exchange were assessed during 50 percent mechanical ventilatory support at end-expiratory airway pressure levels of 0, 5, 10, and 15 mm Hg. The increase in airway pressure resulted in significantly improved arterial blood oxygenation (p less than 0.001) and in a substantial reduction in the spontaneous respiratory effort (p less than 0.001). We observed a slight decrease in stroke volume index (p less than 0.05) with increasing airway pressure in patients who had moderate left ventricular dysfunction, and a trend of improvement (NS) in those who had severe pump failure. Relatively high levels of CPAP can be used to improve pulmonary function in patients with acute myocardial infarction and left ventricular failure. In fact, circulatory depression is less likely to occur when cardiac performance is poor.
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PMID:Acute myocardial infarction complicated by left ventricular dysfunction and respiratory failure. The effects of continuous positive airway pressure. 388 Dec 27

The cause of death due to toxin F7, an angusticeps-type toxin, isolated from the venom of Dendroaspis angusticeps was studied in anesthetized mice. The carotid arterial blood pressure, the ECG and the respiratory movements were recorded. Within a few minutes after i.v. injection of F7 (1 mg/kg), both the rate and amplitude of the respiratory movements decreased and respiratory arrest took place within 15 min in most cases. Before respiratory arrest, marked bradycardia with various types of arrhythmia and oscillation of blood pressure were observed. Artificial ventilation could abolish these cardiovascular changes and maintain the blood pressure for a long period. Toxin F7 caused a transient and slight increase of arterial blood pressure which could be prevented by hexamethonium. Intracisternal application of F7 (1 mg/kg) caused a long-lasting hypertension and bradycardia and the respiratory arrest time was significantly longer than after i.v. injection. A large dose (50 mg/kg i.p.) of atropine, but not smaller doses (5-10 mg/kg), protected mice against respiratory failure induced by F7. In rats, the phrenic nerve discharge was prolonged during respiratory depression. Since F7 has a potent anticholinesterase activity, it is concluded that the respiratory failure induced by F7 is peripheral in origin, chiefly, if not entirely, due to its anticholinesterase activity.
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PMID:A study on the cause of death produced by angusticeps-type toxin F7 isolated from eastern green mamba venom. 395 63

We administered 20 mg of isosorbide dinitrate sublingually to 16 patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (ARF) complicated by pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) and evaluated its effects 20 to 30 min later using a combination of invasively measured pressures and flows and ECG-gated cardiac scintigraphy. We measured the right and left ventricular ejection fractions and a simultaneous thermodilution stroke volume index; we then calculated respective end-diastolic (EDVI) and end-systolic (ESVI) volume indexes. An initially depressed mean right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) increased modestly after the administration of isosorbide dinitrate (35 +/- 10 to 41 +/- 10%; p less than 0.02), whereas both the mean right ventricular end-diastolic (-27 +/- 50 ml/M2; p less than 0.04) and end-systolic (-27 +/- 44 ml/M2; p less than 0.03) volume indexes fell. The RVEF increased in 11 of 16 patients: within this subgroup, a decrease in the RVEDVI and RVESVI was associated with a decrease in both cardiac index (delta 0.3 L/min/M2) and LVEDVI (delta -15 +/- 21 ml/M2; p less than 0.01); hence, O2 delivery also fell (delta -36 +/- 56 ml/min/M2; p less than 0.05). In some patients with ARF complicated by PAH, sublingually administered nitrates may improve right ventricular systolic function when globally depressed. However, left ventricular "pump" function appears to be depressed when a concurrent depression in right ventricular "pump" function ensues.
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PMID:The immediate effects of isosorbide dinitrate on right ventricular function in patients with acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. A combined invasive and radionuclide study. 400 37

Despite the safety of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the presence of such potentially dangerous CNS disorders as CNS infections, brain tumor, and normal pressure hydrocephalus, increased intracranial pressure is still considered an absolute contraindication. In addition, although ECT has been administered to patients with pneumonia, it has never been used when respiratory failure is present. The safe and effective use of ECT in a patient in whom life-threatening refusal to cooperate with medical therapy appeared to be caused by a combination of depression and organic brain disease is reported.
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PMID:ECT in the presence of increased intracranial pressure and respiratory failure: case report. 405 10

The ventilatory response to CO(2) (S) and respiratory exchange ratio have been measured in 10 healthy subjects breathing naturally and through added resistive loads. The changes in these values produced by the added loads were shown to be correlated with the unloaded CO(2) responsiveness. The results indicated that poorly responsive individuals had a greater depression of ventilatory response to CO(2) and were more liable to retain CO(2).These observations raise the possibility that the constitutional CO(2) responsiveness of an individual influences the alveolar ventilation achieved in the presence of airways obstruction. The propensity to develop respiratory failure may thus be conditioned by the premorbid CO(2) responsiveness.
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PMID:Effect of mechanical loading on ventilatory response to CO2 and CO2 excretion. 500 63

1. Perfusion of 1% procaine into the cerebral ventricles of conscious dogs produced mild paresis, defaecation, vomiting, jerky movements of eyelids, brisk nystagmus, increase in amplitude of respiration and sometimes loss of consciousness. Procaine 2% produced paralysis, loss of consciousness and sometimes respiratory depression.2. Procaine 2% perfused into the cerebral ventricles of dogs under chloralose anaesthesia produced an initial increase in amplitude of respiration, which preceded its final depression, which is due primarily to procaine and only partly to a change in pH.3. The site of action for the initial increase in amplitude of respiration was in the fourth ventricle, for it did not occur on perfusion of procaine into the cranial subarachnoid space.4. Perfusion of spinal subarachnoid space with procaine is enough to cause respiratory failure even when the procaine does not reach the medulla.
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PMID:Procaine perfused into cerebral ventricles and subarachnoid space in conscious and anaesthetized dogs. 568 94

Acrylonitrile (VCN) is metabolized to cyanide in rats and mice. Cyanide levels following oral administration of an LD50 of VCN or KCN were determined in blood and organs of treated rats and mice. After administration of VCN, cyanide levels were significantly lower than those following treatment with KCN in rats, whereas in mice the difference was not significant. Differences in VCN toxicity signs were observed in rats and mice. In rats, early VCN toxicity signs were cholinomimetic such as: salivation, diarrhea, peripheral vasodilatation, and excessive gastric secretion. These signs differed from the central nervous system disturbances (depression, convulsions and respiratory failure) observed following KCN. In mice, however, the only signs of VCN toxicity were central nervous system effects, identical to those following KCN. Blood cyanide concentrations after VCN were dose-dependent in both species. Maximum blood cyanide concentrations were observed 1 hr after dosing in mice but at 3 hr in rats. Treatments with phenobarbital or Aroclor 1254, or fasting, increased blood cyanide concentrations after VCN. Treatments with cobaltous chloride or SKF 525-A resulted in decreased blood cyanide concentrations after VCN. These data indicate that there are species differences in VCN toxicity and metabolism and suggest that VCN is metabolized to cyanide via a mixed-function oxidase enzyme system.
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PMID:Acrylonitrile: in vivo metabolism in rats and mice. 611 29

High-frequency ventilation has been shown to provide adequate pulmonary gas exchange in patients who require mechanical ventilation. The advantage of this method of ventilation is that it may allow effective gas transport without high airway pressure or depression of hemodynamic function and thus avoid barotrauma or decreased cardiac output. Currently, three major systems have evolved. (1) High-frequency positive-pressure ventilation uses frequencies of 60 to 120/min, and gas is delivered through a pneumatic valve system. It has been successfully used during surgical procedures, laryngoscopy, and bronchoscopy. (2) High-frequency jet ventilation uses compressed gas delivered through a small-bore cannula at frequencies of up to 400/min. This technique has been used during laryngoscopy and seems to be promising for ventilation of patients with disruption of the airway. (3) High-frequency oscillation uses a wide range of frequencies, up to 40 HZ, and small quasi-sinusoidal volume excursions. It has been reported to provide adequate pulmonary gas exchange in human volunteers and patients in respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation. The mechanism of gas transport during high-frequency, low-tidal-volume ventilation is not well understood, but theoretic models suggest that enhanced diffusion, interregional mixing, and intra-airway velocity profiles may be important factors.
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PMID:High-frequency ventilation. A new concept in mechanical ventilation. 633 3

To explore the effects of low calorie, low carbohydrate intake on abnormal pulmonary physiology in chronic hypercapneic respiratory failure, spirometric, arterial blood gas tension, oximetric, and electrocardiographic studies were carried out before and after weight reduction in eight patients. During a single night of monitoring, the mean basal oxygen saturation was 68.4 +/- 20.7 percent with 38 hypoxemic "dips" (a fall in oxygen saturation of more than 10 percent for one minute or longer); six patients had resting tachycardia, four had a prolonged QTc interval, three showed multiple episodes of ST-T depression, and six patients had multiple atrial and ventricular premature contractions. After a low calorie (600 kcal per day) intake for 4.4 +/- 2.3 weeks, there was a mean weight loss of 8.5 +/- 3.6 kg, the mean arterial oxygen tension increased significantly (p less than 0.005) from 55.6 +/- 9.2 to 69.1 +/- 7.9 torr, the mean arterial carbon dioxide tension fell from 59.9 +/- 9.6 to 52.4 +/- 5.4 torr (p less than 0.01), the mean oxygen saturation increased significantly (p less than 0.05) to 85.0 +/- 9.0 percent with only two hypoxemic "dips," the resting heart rate decreased from a mean of 100 +/- 19 to 90 +/- 18 beats/per minute (p less than 0.05), there was a marked reduction in ectopic activity, the ST-T depression disappeared, and the QTc interval fell in two subjects. Follow-up data in four patients suggest that the improvements achieved in arterial blood gas values can be maintained with a low calorie intake. These studies show that a low calorie, low carbohydrate intake improves all the unfavorable physiologic abnormalities in chronic hypercapneic respiratory failure.
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PMID:Effect of low calorie intake on abnormal pulmonary physiology in patients with chronic hypercapneic respiratory failure. 650 70


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