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 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this paper was to determine what drives workplace discrimination against people with disabilities. These findings are then compared to available literature on attribution theory, which concerns itself with public perceptions of the controllability and stability of various impairments. The sample included 35,763 allegations of discriminations filed by people with disabilities under the employment provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Group A included impairments deemed by Corrigan et al. [1988] to be uncontrollable but stable: visual impairment (representing 13% of the total allegations in this study), cancer (12%), cardiovascular disease (19%), and spinal cord injuries (5%). The controllable but unstable impairments in group B included depression (38%), schizophrenia (2%), alcohol and other drug abuse (4%), and HIV/AIDS (7%). The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission had resolved all allegations in terms of merit Resolutions (a positive finding of discrimination) and Resolutions without merit. Allegations of workplace discrimination were found to center mainly on hiring, discharge, harassment, and reasonable accommodation issues. Perceived workplace discrimination (as measured by allegations filed with EEOC) does occur at higher levels in Group B, especially when serious issues involving discharge and disability harassment are involved. With the glaring exception of HIV/AIDS, however, actual discrimination (as measured by EEOC merit Resolutions) occurs at higher levels for Group A.
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PMID:Drivers of workplace discrimination against people with disabilities: the utility of Attribution Theory. 1600 78

How do neighborhoods affect the health of residents? We propose that the impact of neighborhood disorder on self-reported health is mediated by psychological and physiological distress. We hypothesize a stress process in which chronic stressors in the environment give rise to a psychological and physiological stress response that ultimately affects health. The exogenous variable of interest is the neighborhood where disadvantaged persons live, which may expose them to chronic stressors in the form of crime, trouble, harassment, and other potentially distressing signs of disorder and decay. The mediator is the stress response that occurs in the body and brain. Of interest here is a psychological stress response in the form of fearful anxiety and depression, and a physiological stress response in the form of signs and symptoms of autonomic arousal, such as dizziness, chest pains, trouble breathing, nausea, upset stomach, and weakness. The outcome is poor health. This model is supported using data from the Welfare, Children, and Families project, a sample of 2,402 disadvantaged women in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Chicago, Boston, and San Antonio.
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PMID:Neighborhood disorder, psychophysiological distress, and health. 1602 56

Using data from the Mannheim stalking study, the present report analyses gender differences with regard to various mental health indicators and potential mediator effects of stalking victimization. Furthermore, we were interested in whether the impact of stalking on mental health was comparable for men and women. The study included a postal survey of 675 community residents on the experience of intruding harassment and on mental health indicators. In the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-D, Lowe et al. 2001), women scored higher on most of the subscales (depression, anxiety, somatic complaints, stress, psychosocial impairment) than men. Furthermore, more women fulfilled criteria for at least one threshold or subthreshold mental disorder syndrome according to DSM-IV, and more women were under psychotropic medication. However, the identified associations were completely mediated by the higher prevalence of stalking victims in women. In contrast, the associations of stalking victimization with poor mental health, psychosocial functioning, and use of medication were largely comparable across gender.
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PMID:[Mental health impact of stalking in men and women]. 1671 60

In the current study, sheltered battered women (n = 105) self-reported whether they had perpetrated stalking or other unwanted pursuit behaviors (e.g., harassment, threat) during relationship separations from their abuser. Results indicated that sheltered battered women who admitted perpetrating stalking behavior (about 25% of the sample) had more self-blame, depression, and a greater tendency to leave the shelter within the first week (45%) than did battered women who did not report perpetrating stalking behaviors. The majority of battered women who reported perpetrating stalking behavior also reported being victimized by stalking behaviors (bidirectional stalking). Although these women reported similarly high levels of fear toward their abuser as did unidirectionally stalked women, bidirectionally stalking women were less likely to perceive that their abuser was using his violence to obtain control over them and were more depressed and self-blaming. Directions for future research, recommendations for shelter staff, and the potential treatment implications of these findings are discussed.
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PMID:An examination of sheltered battered women's perpetration of stalking and other unwanted pursuit behaviors. 1702 51

Community notification, known as "Megan's Law," provides the public with information about known sex offenders in an effort to assist parents and potential victims to protect themselves from dangerous predators. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of community notification on the lives of registered sex offenders. Two hundred and thirty-nine sex offenders in Connecticut and Indiana were surveyed. The negative consequences that occurred with the greatest frequency included job loss, threats and harassment, property damage, and suffering of household members. A minority of sex offenders reported housing disruption or physical violence following community notification. The majority experienced psychosocial distress such as depression, shame, and hopelessness. Recommendations are made for community notification policies that rely on empirically derived risk assessment classification systems in order to better inform the public about sex offenders' danger while minimizing the obstacles that interfere with successful community reintegration.
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PMID:Megan's Law and its impact on community re-entry for sex offenders. 1762 Mar 24

This study examined relationships between timing of gay-related developmental milestones, early abuse, and emergence of poor health outcomes in adulthood among 1,383 gay/bisexual men in the Urban Men's Health Study. Latent Profile Analysis grouped participants as developing early, middle or late based on the achievement of four phenomena including age of first awareness of same-sex sexual attractions and disclosure of sexual orientation. Participants who developed early were more likely, compared to others, to experience forced sex and gay-related harassment before adulthood. They were more likely to be HIV seropositive and experience gay-related victimization, partner abuse and depression during adulthood. Early forced-sex, gay-related harassment and physical abuse were associated with several negative health outcomes in adulthood including HIV infection, partner abuse, and depression. This analysis suggests that the experience of homophobic attacks against young gay/bisexual male youth helps to explain heightened rates of serious health problems among adult gay men.
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PMID:Gay-related development, early abuse and adult health outcomes among gay males. 1799 94

Previous studies revealed that stress is a pivotal factor in the regulation of growth. Psychological harassment may result in psychosocial dwarfism with delayed puberty, short stature and depression. Growth hormone (GH) secretion is suppressed by stress, possibly via the attenuation of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) secretion. However, the morphological substrate of this phenomenon has not been elucidated yet. Since neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in the plasma is increased by administration of various stressors, the common consensus is that NPY plays a crucial role in the stress response. In the present study, we examined the putative juxtapositions between the NPY- and GHRH-immunoreactive (IR) systems in the human hypothalamus using double-label immunohistochemistry. Our findings revealed that the majority of the GHRH-IR perikarya formed intimate associations with NPY-IR fiber varicosities. The majority of these juxtapositions were found in the infundibular nucleus/median eminence where NPY-IR fiber varicosities often covered a significant surface area of the GHRH neurons. Since the juxtapositions between the GHRH-IR perikarya and NPY-IR fiber varicosities may be functional synapses, they may represent the morphological substrate of stress-suppressed GH secretion. The large number of contacting elements indicates that NPY plays a pivotal role in GH release, and may be considered as a major factor in the attenuation of growth by stress in humans.
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PMID:Associations between the human growth hormone-releasing hormone- and neuropeptide-Y-immunoreactive systems in the human diencephalon: a possible morphological substrate of the impact of stress on growth. 1842 83

Using 1996/1997 to 2000/2001 data from the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, this paper examines the effects of harassment on self-rated and mental health status among Canadian adolescents aged 16-17 years. Forty-six percent of the children experienced harassment and victimization (verbal aggression, threat, and physical harm/assault) at school and 40% outside of school. Harassment at school, rather than otherwise, was associated with poor health status and higher levels of depression even when previous health conditions and socio-demographic variables were held constant. The relationship between harassment and mental health is particularly pronounced among girls, immigrant children and those living in single-parent households. Given the sizable proportion of adolescents as victims of harassment at school and its significant relationship with both health status and depression, the issue warrants serious public health attention through school-based intervention programs.
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PMID:The effects of harassment and victimization on self-rated health and mental health among Canadian adolescents. 1853 56

A few authors maintain the characteristics of personality might play an important role in the developing of mobbing, others did not find out any differences personality profiles in subject exposed to harassment compared to non-exposed ones. This study assesses, the psychological features of the sample of 276 subjects (114 males, 162females) admitted to a unit of Occupational Medicine, using Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory MMPI-2. Increase in score over 65 cut off compared to clinical scales was found out: Hypochondria, Depression, Hysteria, Paranoia and compared to content scale: Anxiety and Health concerns. No significant different resulted between males and females as regards clinical scales. To conclude our date confirm the hypothesis of a remarkable psychic discomfort in subjects complaining about harassment work. This discomfort, in compliance with the date of literature seem to be characterized by depression, anxiety and somatizations. However show a tendency to focus on working problems and a disposition to persecutories tendencies. All the above said characteristics might be due to negative working conditions or they reflect a psychological frailty which made the subjects more vulnerable to working stress.
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PMID:[Characteristics of personality in subjects who complain vexing on [corrected] workplace]. 1870 Apr 82

A model of depressive symptoms in gay men is tested that links gender-related personality traits (agency and unmitigated communion) to peer harassment, self-discrepancies in agency, and cold-submissive interpersonal behavior, all of which were reported in previous research to contribute to depression. A sample of 510 gay men was recruited through the Internet. The integrated model was tested using half of the sample and validated with the other half. Significant zero order correlations between the gender-related personality traits and depressive symptoms were mediated by unassured-submissive behavior and self-discrepancies in agency. Recalled peer harassment was linked directly with depressive symptoms and indirectly through unassured-submissive interpersonal behavior.
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PMID:An integrated model of gay men's depressive symptoms. 1948 83


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