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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty-one individuals awaiting trial or sentencing for murder or undergoing an appeal process requested a neurologic examination through legal counsel. We attempted in each instance to obtain EEG, MRI or CT, and neuropsychological testing. Neurologic examination revealed evidence of "frontal" dysfunction in 20 (64.5%). There were symptoms or some other evidence of temporal lobe abnormality in nine (29%). We made a specific neurologic diagnosis in 20 individuals (64.5%), including borderline or full mental retardation (9) and cerebral palsy (2), among others. Neuropsychological testing revealed abnormalities in all subjects tested. There were EEG abnormalities in eight of the 20 subjects tested, consisting mainly of bilateral sharp waves with slowing. There were MRI or CT abnormalities in nine of the 19 subjects tested, consisting primarily of atrophy and white matter changes. Psychiatric diagnoses included paranoid schizophrenia (8), dissociative disorder (4), and depression (9). Virtually all subjects had paranoid ideas and misunderstood social situations. There was a documented history of profound, protracted physical abuse in 26 (83.8%) and of sexual abuse in 10 (32.3%). It is likely that prolonged, severe physical abuse, paranoia, and neurologic brain dysfunction interact to form the matrix of violent behavior.
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PMID:Neurologic abnormalities in murderers. 896 Jul 68

Differences in coping by 105 aging mothers of adults with mental illness and 389 similar mothers of adults with mental retardation were investigated. Although no differences in problem-focused coping were found, mothers of adults with mental illness used more emotion-focused coping, which predicted greater maternal depression. For mothers of adults with retardation, depressive symptoms were a function of their child's behavior problems, although this source of stress was buffered by coping. For mothers of adults with mental illness, depression was a function of caregiving demands, but coping did not buffer the effects of stress. Explanations for findings include maternal perceptions of the context of care, of her control over the disability, and her caregiving efficacy.
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PMID:A comparison of coping strategies of aging mothers of adults with mental illness or mental retardation. 777 18

The study analysed the profile of psychomotor retardation in depression by clinically and psychometrically assessing its motor, speech and cognitive components. Psychomotor performance level of a group of 100 moderately depressed patients was significantly lower than that of controls on most psychometric tests. The interrelations among the variables evaluating various aspects of the depressive psychomotor retardation were examined and factor analyses were performed. Clinical ratings of motor, speech and mental retardation were strongly intercorrelated and a general factor emerged. When psychometric evaluations of depressive psychomotor retardation were factor analysed only separate factors characterizing cognitive and motor slowing were identified. Few and weak correlations were recorded between clinical and psychometric evaluations of depressive psychomotor retardation. Factors responsible for psychomotor slowing in depression were discussed.
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PMID:Cognitive and motor retardation in depression. 777 40

The Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) was performed for three groups of institutionalized patients with mental retardation: (a) patients with symptoms of depression, (b) nondepressed patients with other problematic behavior (aggressiveness, self-injurious behavior, or withdrawal), and (c) control subjects with no behavioral or psychiatric symptoms. Results showed that depressed patients more frequently (though not significantly) had positive DSTs and significantly higher cortisol levels compared with the other two groups. Patients with other problematic behavior did not differ from control subjects. The DST may be particularly valuable in diagnosing depression in individuals with severe mental retardation, who are often nonverbal and unable to express depressive symptoms.
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PMID:The dexamethasone suppression test as an indication of depression in patients with mental retardation. 790 20

A 14-year-old boy with mental retardation presented with severe thrombocytopenia, macrocytic anaemia and allergic dermatitis. He had been treated with valproate for seizures since the age of 2 years. Clinical examination showed severe purpura, mucous bleeding and extensive dermatitis. Tests to detect serum direct antiplatelet antibodies were positive and bone marrow examination revealed myelodysplastic abnormalities. Valproate was discontinued and both dermatitis and general condition of the child improved with normalization of the full blood count. This report suggests that valproate may produce both peripheral immune thrombocytopenia and severe bone marrow depression several years after the initiation of the therapy.
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PMID:Haematological disturbances during long-term valproate therapy. 803 31

Investigated the association between various depression assessment methods in 38 adults with mild or moderate mental retardation, half of whom had relatively high and the other half had relatively low depression screening scores. Measures included a standard psychiatric interview (Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents), an informant rating scale (Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior), and a self-report measure (Self-Report Depression Questionnaire). Association between measures was generally low, yielding discordant classification results. Potential reasons for these discrepancies were offered, and implications for clinical and research assessment of mood disorders in mental retardation were discussed.
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PMID:A comparison of assessment methods for depression in mental retardation. 805 Sep 84

The applicability of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) in the informant-rating version to mentally retarded adults (> 19 years of age) of all degrees of severity is researched here for the first time. The sample (N = 798) consisted of residents in community-based group homes (56.9%) and residents of a variety of institutions (43.1%). On average, 23 of the 24 CDI items were to be assessed. Internal consistency, interrater reliability, and the item-total score correlations were adequate. The three factors derived from factor analysis were open to clear interpretation. The CDI score proved to be independent of age, sex, and degree of mental retardation. Persons with behavior problems, psychotropic drug treatment, non-Down syndrome status, as well as the residents of a psychiatric clinic, all returned a higher CDI score. Among those having a CDI score > or = 17 (n = 54), there were 57% with DSM-III-R depressive disorders. These results suggest that the CDI in an informant-rating version is suitable as a diagnostic and screening instrument for mentally retarded adults.
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PMID:Assessment of depression in mentally retarded adults: reliability and validity of the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). 821 Jun 7

The purpose of this paper is to provide psychiatrists with practical advice on how to detect malingered mental illness. Various types of malingering are defined and the five major purposes of malingering are specified. The research literature on malingering is reviewed. Clinicians must be thoroughly grounded in the phenomenology of true mental disease to detect malingering. Detailed information about hallucinations is reviewed so that faked hallucinations that do not follow typical patterns can be more easily identified. Strategies for approaching persons suspected of malingering are suggested. Features of malingered mutism, mania, depression and mental retardation are described. The differential diagnosis of malingering, post-traumatic stress disorder, conversion disorder, and post-concussion syndromes after trauma is discussed. Clues to malingered psychoses and post-traumatic stress disorders are delineated. Finally, specific indicators of malingered insanity defenses are identified.
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PMID:Defrocking the fraud: the detection of malingering. 827 Mar 91

A survey of affective symptoms in two groups of institutionalized adults with mental retardation was conducted. The groups were comprised of subjects with prior diagnoses of affective disorders or other psychiatric disorders. Informants reported retrospectively on the presence or absence of DSM-III-R criteria for major depression and mania. Thirteen percent of the affective disorders group did not meet these criteria for depression or mania, whereas 20% of the other psychiatric disorders group did. Aggression was a frequent concomitant of psychopathology in both groups. These findings support previous reports that affective disorders may be underdiagnosed in this population. However, unlike prior investigations, most of the subjects (74%) in the present survey had severe to profound mental retardation.
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PMID:Affective symptoms of institutionalized adults with mental retardation. 829 17

The performance of 25 mentally retarded and 25 normal IQ adolescents was investigated on self-report and informant versions of three childhood depression measures. These measures included the Children's Depression Inventory, the Bellevue Index of Depression, and the Reynolds Child Depression Scale. Adolescents with mild to severe levels of mental retardation were studied. Strong correlations between total scores of measures were found. Analyses of variance comparing mentally retarded and intellectually average adolescents differed significantly only on the Bellevue Index of Depression. Finally, the relationship between self-report and informant versions of these measures were correlated, with mixed results. Implications for the use of these scales in assessing depression of mentally retarded adolescents are discussed.
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PMID:Assessment of depression in mentally retarded adolescents. 831 81


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