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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Progressive cardiomyopathic lentiginosis was first described in 1972 by Polani and Moynahan. It is characterised by pigmentation of the skin (multiple symmetrical lentigines), hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and retarded growth. There may also be mental retardation. All characteristics of the syndrome were present in a 46-year-old woman. In addition there were also other features: lentigo developed at only 35 years of age, there was hypertelorism, thoracic kyphosis, and intermittent severe depression. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate in plasma was raised to 90.5 nmol/1.
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PMID:[Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and lentiginosis (author's transl)]. 19 83

The phenotypic effects of trisomy of various segments of chromosome 8 have been recognized through the analysis of twelve different patients: five mosaic cases of trisomy 8, one case of trisomy for the short arm and the proximal segment of the long arm, two cases of trisomy for a portion of the short arm, and four cases of trisomy for the terminal segment of the long arm. Analysis of the data from the literature and of these personal observations allows the definition of three syndromes: trisomy 8, trisomy 8p and 8q proximal, and trisomy 8q terminal. Three clinical signs are common to the three syndromes: vertebral anomalies, depression of the mesosternum, and bulging of the forehead. This suggests that different segments of chromosome 8 carry genes affecting osseous growth. Trisomy 8p causes, in addition to severe mental deficiency, a thick nose, a large mouth, and microcephaly. Other clinical signs can be assigned to three groups corresponding to the short arm, the proximal part, and the distal part of the long arm.
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PMID:[Chromosome 8 : complete trisomy and segmental trisomies]. 30 74

A case-history format was utilized to compare interrater agreement on childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders, using DSM-II and DSM-III. The average interrater agreement was 57% for DSM-II and 54% for axis I (clinical psychiatric syndrome) of DSM-III. There was high agreement in both systems on cases of psychosis, conduct disorder, hyperactivity, and mental retardation, with DSM-III appearing slightly better. There was noteworthy interrater disagreement in both systems for "anxiety" disorders, complex cases, and in the subtyping of depression. Overall, the reliability of DSM-III appears to be good and is comparable with that of DSM-II and other classification systems of childhood psychiatric disorders.
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PMID:A comparison of DSM-II and DSM-III in the diagnosis of childhood psychiatric disorders. II. Interrater agreement. 48 79

In three infants with nonketotic hyperglycinemia, glycine was increased three-to fourfold in plasma, 13- to 28-fold in lumbar spinal fluid, and was higher yet in ventricular fluid. Oral sodium benzoate lowered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glycine by greater than 40%, but did not change the abnormal plasma: CSF ratio. An adult control, made hyperglycinemic with oral glycine, had a normal plasma: CSF ratio. Treatment of one patient with sodium benzoate from birth did not prevent mental retardation; the degree of brain stem depression was a function of CSF glycine in another patient. The persistance of glycine elevation in CSF, although therapy maintained normal concentration in plasma, appears to be caused by overproduction in brain and limitation of the high-capacity lumbar spinal reabsorptive mechanism. Treatment through lowering of CNS glycine by use of a ventricular shunt was explored.
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PMID:Cerebrospinal fluid glycine in nonketotic hyperglycinemic: effect of treatment with sodium benzoate and a ventricular shunt. 85 Apr 82

Long-term results (5-20 years) recorded in 304 patients operated on stereotactically for psychopathologic disorders are presented. The largest group of 260 surgically treated subjects represented aggressive patients. This group consisted of 150 patients with mental retardation, 70 with epilepsy, 20 with schizophrenia, and 20 patients with sexual deviations. Amygdalectomy for patients with normal intellect and posterior hypothalamotomy for those with reduced intellect proved to be the most effective procedure. Symmetrical operations were also effective. In some cases a combination of two target was necessary. In epileptics with aggressivity the combination of amygdalectomy and hippocampectomy yielded the best results. In aggressivity with sexual deviations anterior hypothalamotomy was the most effective operation. Favorable results in aggressivity therapy were recorded in 60% of patients. In patients with criminal sexual deviations, in drug addicts, and in alcoholics, anterior hypothalamotomy was found to be most effective, with favorable results in 50% of patients. In patients with depression, thalamotomy or stimulation of the limbic regions of the thalamus decreased the depression, with favorable results recorded in 66% of patients. The results of the surgically treated patients show that target-oriented stereotactic operations remove psychopathologic symptoms, improve the effectiveness of psychoactive drugs and the social adaptability of patients. (Ref. 15.)
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PMID:[Long-term results in patients with stereotaxic surgery for psychopathologic disorders]. 139 61

Inadequate treatment of mood (affective) disorders is related to the mind/body dualism, desinformation about methods of treatment, the stigma of psychiatry, low funding of psychiatric research, low educational priority, and slow acquisition of new knowledge of psychiatry. The "respectable minority rule" has often been accepted without regard to the international expertise, and the consequences of undertreatment have not been weighed against the benefits of optimal treatment. The risk of chronicity increases with delayed treatment, and inadequately treated affective disorders are a leading cause of suicide. During the past 20 years the increase in suicide mortality in Norway has been the second largest in the world. Severe mood disorders are often misclassified as schizophrenia or other non-affective psychoses. Atypical mood disorders, notably rapid cycling and bipolar mixed states, are often diagnosed as personality, adjustment, conduct, attention deficit, or anxiety disorders, and even mental retardation. Neuroleptic drugs may suppress the most disturbing features of mood disorders, a fact often misinterpreted as supporting the diagnosis of a schizophrenia-like disorder. Treatment with neuroleptics is not sufficient, however, and serious side effects may often occur. The consequences are too often social break-down and post-depression syndrome.
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PMID:[Inadequate treatment of affective disorders]. 141 90

The relation between dementia and depression in 61 adults with Down syndrome or 43 adults with mental retardation due to other causes was examined. Age-matched participants, ranging in age from 20 to 60 years, received a neuropsychological battery to assess declines in functioning and caregiver report measures to assess adaptive behavior and depression. Eight adults with Down syndrome had both depression and declines in functioning. No adults with mental retardation due to other causes had declines. Greater severity of depression was related to lower MA, poorer memory, and lower adaptive functioning in adults with Down syndrome only. Results suggest that dementia and depression are associated in Down syndrome but not in mental retardation due to other causes.
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PMID:Depression and the onset of dementia in adults with mental retardation. 153 93

Six depressed mentally retarded adults were treated with fluoxetine in an open trial. Five patients significantly improved, and one patient partially improved, after treatment with fluoxetine. Their mean Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score was significantly reduced after treatment. These results suggest that fluoxetine is a safe and effective treatment for depression in mental retardation. Some potential advantages of using fluoxetine in this clinical population are discussed. Additional controlled research studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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PMID:Fluoxetine treatment of depression in mentally retarded adults. 158 40

Self-report measures of anger, depression and self-concept that were designed for non-retarded children were adapted for adults with mental retardation. The measures were administered to 130 adults with mental retardation who lived in the community. Informants rated the subjects on shortened forms of the three emotional indices. Informant self-concept ratings were negatively correlated with ratings of anger and depression. On the self-report measures, subjects who reported low self-concept also reported high levels of depression. Mildly mentally retarded subjects were more likely to report anger than severe/moderately retarded subjects. Informant and self-report measures were significantly correlated for self-concept and depression, but not for anger. The results provide preliminary normative data on indices of emotional adjustment for community-based adults with mental retardation.
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PMID:Anger, depression and self-concept in adults with mental retardation. 159

During the past two decades psychopharmacologists have made considerable strides in establishing the safety and efficacy of psychotropic drug therapy for childhood behavior disorders. Most of the research has focused on children with disruptive behavior disorders, autism, or mental retardation, but more recently other disorders such as depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, separation anxiety (school refusal), and Tourette syndrome are also receiving attention. Psychopharmacotherapy has often been a matter of controversy, with most issues pertaining to either the appropriateness of medication (e.g., rationales for treatment, alternative interventions, toxicity, iatrogenic effects) or inadequacies of clinical management (e.g., availability of services, drug assessment procedures, limitations of research). This article presents a brief overview of the safety and efficacy of psychotropic drugs and the issues associated with their use in clinical settings.
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PMID:Clinical issues in child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 177 69


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