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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

According to ICD-10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases anxiety state is different combination of somatic and mental symptoms of anxiety of absence of real menace that is onset attack-like or permanently. Anxious disorder is observed in 5-10% of the population, twice more often at woman than at men. The lengthening of the postinsult period is observed more often in the structure of the patient with old cerebral infarction that is complicated with anxious disorder. Diagnostics, treatment and prevention of anxious disorder in the postinsult period require elaboration of new approaches by the doctors. It is announced that anxious disorder in the postinsult period at such patient may reach 60-70%. Researches have been held on the basis of the clinic "Medina" in Batumi. The main group consisted of 30 out-patients (14 women and 16 men) between 41 and 73 years old who experienced cerebral infarction of 3-18 months prescription. Patients with pancreatic diabetes and unstable accompanying somatic diseases were excluded. Computer or magnetic - resonant tomography of the brain was performed to all patients during insult in order to verify the diagnosis; the clinical-and-psychological and neurological check up was also performed using neurological scale NIH NINDS in order to identify severity of insult as well as using the scale "Renkin" to assess the degree of impairment of vital functions. Depression was assessed with the help of HDRS (Hamilton depression ration scale). The level and presence of anxiety were determined by the scale that assesses the level of reactive and personal - anxiety. The following initial data were received as a result of research from the patients of the comparing groups before treatment: an average age of patients was 55,1+/-1,9 years; prescription of cerebral infarction was 6,35+/-1,0 months; severity of cerebral infarction on scale NIH NINDS was 2,7+/-0,25 points; invalidation degree on "Renkin" scale was 1,95+/-0,25 points. Personal anxiety was 85,4+/-7,27 points according to self assessment scale, reactive anxiety equaled 86,3+/-7,1 points. Depression evidence in comparing groups turned out to be initially high and equaled 14,5+/-2,1 points. The study revealed cognitive functions according to MMSE at 4 men. Therefore, a long effecting social stress leads to development of depression. Unemployed people working under constant pressure, living in overpopulated areas are the most subject to stress as well as those whose mutual relation with associates are broken and who more often gets in disputed situations. The first condition in treatment of the anxious disorders is detailed knowledge of the patient and his understanding the essence of illness. The necessary information and the elementary receptions of treatment for overcoming anxiety and panic attacks are given by the doctor. Frequently, the relief comes only that the patient realizes that it not illness that is unknown and dangerous to a life, but curable anxious disorder. Whenever possible the doctor will advise a relevant method of psychotherapy which will help to cope with the problems caused by prolonged panic disorder.
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PMID:[Anxiety state in patients during postinsult period with old cerebral infarction]. 1957 14

Chronic stress is a key risk factor for a variety of diseases, including depression. There is a large degree of individual variation in the ability to recover successfully from a chronic stress exposure, but the determinants of this individual stress susceptibility are still poorly understood. We recently developed a novel mouse paradigm for chronic social stress during adolescence, which closely mimics the human condition of chronic social stress in respect to construct, face and predictive validity. By applying this chronic stress model to a large number of animals we aimed at identifying individuals that are either resilient or vulnerable to the persistent effects of chronic social stress exposure. Animals showing markedly elevated basal corticosterone levels 5 weeks following the end of the stress paradigm were considered "vulnerable", whereas individuals recovering quickly and being indistinguishable from controls were classified as "resilient". Stress vulnerability was associated with an increased level of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the paraventricular nucleus, decreased hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor expression as well as increased anxiety- and depression-like behavior compared to resilient and control animals. In summary, we show that by using a large cohort of animals it is possible to select individuals that are vulnerable or resilient to the lasting effects of chronic social stress. The vulnerable phenotype mimics many aspects of stress-related human affective disorders and this may be used as a novel approach to study depression in an animal model, ultimately contributing to a better understanding and treatment of stress-related disorders.
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PMID:High susceptibility to chronic social stress is associated with a depression-like phenotype. 1985 31

Upon returning to their communities, children formerly associated with armed forces and armed groups--commonly referred to as child soldiers--often confront significant community stigma. Much research on the reintegration and rehabilitation of child soldiers has focused on exposure to past war-related violence and mental health outcomes, yet no empirical work has yet examined the role that post-conflict stigma plays in shaping long-term psychosocial adjustment. Two waves of data are used in this paper from the first prospective study of male and female former child soldiers in Sierra Leone. We examined the role of stigma (manifest in discrimination as well as lower levels of community and family acceptance) in the relationship between war-related experiences and psychosocial adjustment (depression, anxiety, hostility and adaptive behaviors). Former child soldiers differ from one another with regard to their post-war experiences, and these differences profoundly shape their psychosocial adjustment over time. Consistent with social stress theory, we observed that post-conflict factors such as stigma can play an important role in shaping psychosocial adjustment in former child soldiers. We found that discrimination was inversely associated with family and community acceptance. Additionally, higher levels of family acceptance were associated with decreased hostility, while improvements in community acceptance were associated with adaptive attitudes and behaviors. We found that post-conflict experiences of discrimination largely explained the relationship between past involvement in wounding/killing others and subsequent increases in hostility. Stigma similarly mediated the relationship between surviving rape and depression. However, surviving rape continued to demonstrate independent effects on increases in anxiety, hostility and adaptive/prosocial behaviors after adjusting for other variables. These findings point to the complexity of psychosocial adjustment and community reintegration in these youth and have a number of programmatic and policy implications.
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PMID:Past horrors, present struggles: the role of stigma in the association between war experiences and psychosocial adjustment among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone. 1987 15

The study of functionally relevant biological effects of serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR) polymorphisms is especially important given the current controversy about the clinical relevance of these polymorphisms. Here we report an intrinsic immunobiological difference between individuals carrying two short (SS) versus long (LL) 5-HTTLPR alleles, that is observed in healthy subjects reporting low exposure to life stress. Given that 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms are thought to influence susceptibility to depression and are associated with robust neurobiological effects, that depression is associated with higher pro-inflammatory and lower anti-inflammatory cytokines, and that acute stressors increase circulating concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, we hypothesized that compared to LL individuals, SS individuals may show a pro-inflammatory bias under resting conditions and/or during stress. 15 LL and 11 SS individuals participated in the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Serum IL-6 and IL-10 were quantified at baseline and 30, 60, 90, and 120min after beginning the 20-min stress test. Compared to LL individuals, SS individuals showed a higher IL-6/IL-10 ratio at baseline and during stress. Importantly, this pro-inflammatory bias was observed despite both groups being healthy, reporting similar intensities of stress and negative emotionality during the TSST, and reporting similar low exposures to early and recent life stress. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a pro-inflammatory bias/phenotype in individuals carrying the SS genotype of 5-HTTLPR. Thus, healthy SS individuals may be chronically exposed to a pro-inflammatory physiological burden under resting and stress conditions, which could increase their vulnerability to disorders like depression and other diseases that can be facilitated/exacerbated by a chronic pro-inflammatory state.
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PMID:Healthy young women with serotonin transporter SS polymorphism show a pro-inflammatory bias under resting and stress conditions. 1996 24

This article concentrates on the influence of determinants of mental health on a lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) population in Flanders. Our sample is drawn from the Zzzip survey, and contains 2,280 LGBs, of whom 1,565 are men and 715 are women. The traditional social stress model outlines the influence of general stressors on stress (Pearlin, 1989). Meyer (1995) has expanded Pearlin's model to include the concept of minority stress. This study focuses on aspects of personal characteristics and social structural arrangements. Our study confirms the importance of age and education as relevant determinants for mental health. Additionally, although most research establishes sex differences in depression, this study does not find significant differences in depression between men and women. In women, sexual identity is a significant determinant of depressive score, but we do not find the same in men. Finally, both general and minority stressors, especially the internal stressors, are found to have an important effect on depressive outcomes.
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PMID:General and minority stress in an LGB population in Flanders. 1992 45

Early experiences shape brain function and behavior and, consequently, vulnerability to psychopathology at adulthood. Here we exploited the mouse communal nest (CN) paradigm in order to investigate the effect of the early social environment on the emergence of endophenotypes of depression and on antidepressant efficacy at adulthood. CN, which consists in a single nest where three mothers keep their pups together and share care-giving behavior until weaning, is characterized by high levels of maternal behavior and peer interactions, thus representing an highly stimulating environment. Our results show that, when compared to mice reared in standard laboratory conditions (SN), adult CN mice exhibited greater sucrose preference on the first days of the test, displayed reduced anhedonia during social stress and had lower corticosterone levels after acute and prolonged social stress. Furthermore, in line with previous work, CN displayed longer immobility than SN mice in the forced swim test. Here we show that such behavioral response is differently affected by antidepressants according to early experiences. A 3-week fluoxetine treatment affected only SN mice, leading to an increase of immobility duration up to the levels showed by CN mice, while acute fluoxetine administration decreased immobility duration in both groups. These results show that being reared in a CN profoundly changes developmental trajectories, reducing the adult display of endophenotypes of depression and modifying response to antidepressants. The present findings suggest that early experiences represent one of those factors to be taken into account to identify the appropriate individual pharmacological strategy to treat depression in patients.
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PMID:Shaping brain development: mouse communal nesting blunts adult neuroendocrine and behavioral response to social stress and modifies chronic antidepressant treatment outcome. 1994 26

Stress induced by social defeat is a strong modifier of animal anxiety and depression-like phenotypes. Self-grooming is a common rodent behavior, and has an ordered cephalo-caudal progression from licking of the paws to head, body, genitals and tail. Acute stress is known to alter grooming activity levels and disrupt its patterning. Following 15-17 days of chronic social defeat stress, grooming behavior was analyzed in adult male C57BL/6J mice exhibiting either dominant or subordinate behavior. Our study showed that subordinate mice experience higher levels of anxiety and display disorganized patterning of their grooming behaviors, which emerges as a behavioral marker of chronic social stress. These findings indicate that chronic social stress modulates grooming behavior in mice, thus illustrating the importance of grooming phenotypes for neurobehavioral stress research.
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PMID:The effects of chronic social defeat stress on mouse self-grooming behavior and its patterning. 2006 21

Previous social stress exposure is a common risk factor for affective disorders. However, factors that determine vulnerability or resiliency to social stress-induced psychopathologies remain unclear. Using a rodent model of social stress, the present study was designed to identify putative neurobiological substrates that contribute to social stress-induced psychopathology and factors that influence or predict vulnerability. The resident-intruder model of defeat was used as a social stressor in adult male Sprague Dawley rats. The average latency to assume a subordinate posture (signaling defeat) over seven daily defeat exposures was calculated and examined with respect to endpoints of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity, components of the corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) system, and behaviors that are relevant to human depression. In the present studies, a bimodal distribution emerged in an otherwise homogeneous population of Sprague Dawley rats such that 42% of rats exhibited short defeat latencies (<300 sec), whereas 58% of rats resisted defeat and exhibited longer latencies (>300 sec). These two phenotypes were associated with distinct endocrine and behavioral profiles as well as differences in components of the CRF system. Notably, the short-latency subpopulation exhibited hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal dysregulation and behavior similar to that observed in melancholic depression. Examination of components of the CRF system suggested that proactive behavior in resisting defeat exhibited by long-latency rats was associated with decreased efficacy of CRF. Together, these data suggest that inherent differences in stress reactivity, perhaps as a result of differences in CRF regulation, may predict long-term consequences of social stress and vulnerability to depressive-like symptoms.
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PMID:Individual differences in reactivity to social stress predict susceptibility and resilience to a depressive phenotype: role of corticotropin-releasing factor. 2016 Jan 37

The subgranular zone of the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus contains a pool of neural stem cells that continuously divide and differentiate into functional granule cells. It has been shown that production of new hippocampal neurons is necessary for amelioration of stress-induced behavioral changes by antidepressants in animal models of depression. The survival of newly born hippocampal neurons is decreased by chronic psychosocial stress and increased by exposure to enriched environments. These observations suggest the existence of a link between hippocampal neurogenesis, stress-induced behavioral changes, and the beneficial effects of enriched environment. To show causality, we subjected transgenic mice with conditionally suppressed neurogenesis to psychosocial stress followed by environmental enrichment. First, we showed that repeated social defeat coupled with chronic exposure to an aggressor produces robust and quantifiable indices of submissive and depressive-like behaviors; second, subsequent exposure to an enriched environment led to extinction of the submissive phenotype, while animals exposed to an impoverished environment retained the submissive phenotype; and third, enrichment was not effective in reversing the submissive and depressive-like behaviors in transgenic mice lacking neurogenesis. Our data show two main findings. First, living in an enriched environment is highly effective in extinguishing submissive behavioral traits developed during chronic social stress, and second, these effects are critically dependent on adult neurogenesis, indicating that beneficial behavioral adaptations are dependent on intact adult neurogenesis.
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PMID:Environmental enrichment requires adult neurogenesis to facilitate the recovery from psychosocial stress. 2030 88

In the aftermath of a distressing social event, adults with social phobia (SP) engage in a review of this event with a focus on its negative aspects. To date, little is known about this post-event processing (PEP) and its relationship with perceived performance in SP children. We measured PEP in SP children (n=24) and healthy controls (HC; n=22), aged from 8 to 12 years, after the Trier Social Stress Test for Children (TSST-C). Children also rated their performance immediately after the TSST-C and 2.5 h later. SP children reported more negative and less positive PEP than controls. Regression analyses indicated that negative PEP was associated with social anxiety and perceived task performance independent of comorbid depression. The SP group rated their performance immediately after the TSST-C as worse compared to HCs and ratings remained stable over the following 2.5 h. Results are discussed in relation to current theories of SP.
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PMID:Post-event processing in children with social phobia. 2049 9


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