Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifteen matched pairs of alcoholics who had either refused or completed day treatment were reassessed sixteen months after the initial assessment. The treated group had improved significantly more than the untreated group on measures related directly to alcohol abuse, in their utilization of inpatient psychiatric services, and the use of family physician's services. The treated group had also used disulfiram for significantly longer periods of time. The treatment refusers had nonetheless achieved statistically significant, albeit modest, reduction in their consumption of alcohol compared to their pre-assessment levels. Both groups showed equal amount of change on a number of psychosocial measures, such as employment, use of minor tranquilizers and non-prescription drugs, legal problems and symptoms of depression. These findings are discussed in the context of the effectiveness of a day program, the use of disulfiram and certain pretreatment characteristics of the patient.
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PMID:An outcome study comparing refusers and acceptors of treatment for alcoholism. 338 91

To evaluate the care given by internists in group practices at 16 academic medical centers to patients who used minor tranquilizers or antidepressants, data were abstracted from medical records and compared with specific criteria for quality care.Of 1,532 continuing care patients, 18% used minor tranquilizers and 7% used antidepressants. Almost 90% of antidepressants were prescribed for depression and 50% of minor tranquilizers were prescribed for mental health problems. The group practice internists performed well on concrete aspects of care, such as avoiding giving minor tranquilizers intravenously or intramuscularly and scheduling follow-up visits. Relatively few patients, however, had an adequate treatment plan noted in the chart. About 25% of users of minor tranquilizers did not have an acceptable indication for the drug noted in the chart. Less than 10% of users of minor tranquilizers had a plan for discontinuing the drug use; yet, 35% had long-term regular use.
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PMID:Quality of care for psychotropic drug use in internal medicine group practices. 379 26

Fentanyl, a short-term analgesic frequently used in neuroleptanalgesia, has in a number of cases been reported to cause unexpected, severe postanesthetic respiratory depression which can successfully be treated with naloxone. Several explanations for this rebound effect produced by fentanyl (in combination with other drugs) have been proposed, though so far none has proved completely satisfactory. The possibility that this effect may be due to a secondary accumulation of fentanyl or fentanyl metabolites with opioid activity in the brain has led us to investigate the relative opioid potency of several known or proposed metabolites by measuring their inhibitory action on the contraction of guinea-pig ileum in comparison with that of morphine, pethidine, and fentanyl itself. Two proposed metabolites containing the phenethyl sidechain were found to possess an opioid activity lying between that of morphine and pethidine, whereas metabolites without the side-chain were generally less active than pethidine. Using thin-layer chromatography, it was possible to detect one of these proposed active metabolites in vivo in rats. This result may have some relevance for the understanding of the fentanyl rebound. However, the possibility that multiple doses of fentanyl, such as may be given during neuroleptanalgesia, or interactions with other drugs, e.g. tranquilizers and general anesthetics, may be the cause of fentanyl rebound, remains open.
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PMID:Opioid activity and distribution of fentanyl metabolites. 380 83

Studies on falls are reviewed. Little information exists on which social or psychologic factors predispose an older person to fall or to sustain a fall-related injury. Risk of falling appears to be greater among females, the cognitively impaired, and those who use hypnotics, tranquilizers, and diuretics. The potential significance of depression and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type on the risk of falling is explored. It is suggested that because of the associated impaired judgment, distraction, and psychomotor retardation, the presence of either clinical condition may increase an individual's risk of falling. In the final section of the article, directions for future research are discussed. Development of a systematic research program is suggested including epidemiologic studies of all falls and of medically treated falls. Such studies should be multidisciplinary and include assessment of social and psychologic factors as well as physical and functional health status, ambulatory function, perceptual acuity, and the circumstances surrounding the fall. The psychologic consequences of falling, particularly in the absence of a serious fall-related injury, is identified as an important research area.
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PMID:Social and psychologic factors related to falls among the elderly. 391 8

We examined sequelae of depressive mood, experienced at ages 15 to 16 years, nine years later at ages 24 to 25 years in subjects formerly enrolled in New York State public high schools. Feelings of dysphoria in adolescence predict most strongly a similar experience in adulthood. Such feelings also predict psychiatric hospitalization for women but not for men, at least up to the period we investigated. In addition, adolescent depression is associated with heavy cigarette smoking, increased use of minor prescription tranquilizers (among women), more deviant activities and accidents as young adults, and selective effects on interpersonal relationships. The long-term effects of adolescent depression manifest themselves in a reduced ability to establish an intimate relationship with a member of the opposite sex rather than the ability to maintain a circle of male and female friends. The distance from spouse (or partner) repeats within the marital dyad the lack of closeness to parents experienced in adolescence. Dysphoric mood seems to be associated with a deficiency to establish close interpersonal relationships within the family that expresses itself differently at different stages of the life cycle: toward parents in adolescence, and toward spouses and parents in young adulthood.
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PMID:Adult sequelae of adolescent depressive symptoms. 395 45

It has been proposed that concomitant substances of abuse may have additive or synergistic properties such that alcoholics using other substances of abuse concurrently may have a harder time giving up alcohol than alcoholics abusing only alcohol. The present study surveyed 291 alcoholics in an alcohol treatment program and 86 social drinker controls matched on age, education, SES and gender. Alcohol consumption, smoking, coffee intake, other substances of abuse. Beck depression and Spielberger Anxiety (State) were measured. Alcoholics drank significantly more alcohol than did social drinkers per day (350.19 cc versus 28.08 cc, p less than 0.001), consumed more caffeine/day (486.3 mg versus 339.9 mg, p less than 0.002), smoked more cigarettes/day (27.8 versus 12.8, p less than 0.001), were more depressed (16.8 versus 4.4 (Beck), p less than 0.0001), had lower internal locus of control scores (37.6 versus 39.7, p less than 0.005), had higher scores on control by chance (22.7 versus 20.2, p less than 0.03) and were significantly more anxious (52.5 versus 33.9 on Spielberger's State Inventory p less than 0.0001). Some patients used stimulants, tranquilizers, depressants, narcotics or toluene. Only 3/258 abused alcohol without using other drugs. Results support earlier studies showing strong associations between alcohol and smoking and between alcohol and caffeine consumption. The alcoholic abusing only alcohol is very rare. Treatment programs need to pay attention to concomitant drugs of abuse.
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PMID:Treatment of alcoholism and concomitant drugs of abuse. 402 79

Antipsychotic agents which are considered to depressive to the central nervous system (CNS) but free of dependence liability were used in combination with barbiturates or tranquilizers to study the physical dependence liability in the so-enhanced CNS depression. In the study of physical dependence formation, when CNS depression was maintained in an enhanced stage during the continuous application of the drug combinations, the withdrawal convulsions were enhanced in both frequency and severity. In the crossphysical dependence study, two-drug combinations, i.e., phenobarbital (PhB)-chloropromazine (CPZ), PhB-diphenhydramine (DPH) and nitrazepam-chlorprothixene, and 3-drug combinations (i.e., PhB-CPZ-promethazine and PhB-CPZ-DPH were evaluated. The 2-drug combinations suppressed some of the withdrawal signs, but those at high dosages showed a tendency to aggravate the signs. The 3-drug combinations differed from the 2-drug combinations in that the suppression of withdrawal signs was synergistically enhanced and the barbital withdrawal signs were weak. In conclusion, when CNS depression with PhB was enhanced with combinations of dependence liability-free drugs the drug combinations enhanced withdrawal convulsions both in frequency and severity. The sedation enhanced by the combinations did not always parallel the suppression of barbital withdrawal.
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PMID:Enhancement of drug withdrawal convulsion by combinations of phenobarbital and antipsychotic agents. 611 52

The potent benzodiazepine receptor ligands beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (beta-CCE) and the corresponding methylester (beta-CCM) administered i.v. depressed segmental dorsal root potentials in spinal cats, reversed the prolongation of dorsal root potentials by phenobarbitone, and abolished the depression of a motor performance task induced by phenobarbitone in mice; beta-CCE enhanced the low-frequency facilitation of pyramidal population spikes in the hippocampus of anaesthetized rats. These effects of beta-carbolines reflect a depression of GABAergic synaptic transmission and, thus, are diametrically opposed to the enhancing action of benzodiazepine tranquilizers. The specific benzodiazepine antagonist, Ro 15-1788, while not affecting dorsal root potentials, hippocampal population spikes or phenobarbitone-induced motor performance depression, abolished the effects of beta-CCE on the three parameters and similar effects of beta-CCM on the spinal cord and motor performance. A three-state model of the benzodiazepine receptor is proposed in which benzodiazepine tranquilizers act as agonists enhancing the function of the benzodiazepine receptor as a coupling unit between GABA receptor and chloride channel, beta-carbolines act as "inverse agonists" reducing this coupling function, and Ro 15-1788 represents a competitive antagonist blocking both the enhancing effect of agonists and the depressant effect of "inverse agonists" on GABAergic synaptic transmission.
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PMID:A three-state model of the benzodiazepine receptor explains the interactions between the benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-1788, benzodiazepine tranquilizers, beta-carbolines, and phenobarbitone. 613 40

Experiments on rats with brain edema under water intoxication were made to examine the effect of the benzodiazepine tranquilizers diazepam and phenazepam on the time course of the recovery of brain electrical activity after passing the spreading Leao's depression wave. It was found that the drugs indicated possess antiedematous properties and improve brain function under these conditions. It is assumed that the drug action on the spreading depression is linked with their effect on metabolic processes in the brain and antiedematous properties.
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PMID:[Effect of diazepam and phenazepam on Leao's depression in brain edema]. 614 Jan 84

Since the introduction of imipramine in 1957 in the therapy of depression numerous effective antidepressant substances have been developed, which differ from one another in the biochemical as well as clinical profile of action. A psychopathological diagnosis is a prerequisite for application, whereby the differentiation of the endogenous from the non-endogenous depression, or the inhibited from the agitated depression is an important factor. 65% to 70% of endogenously depressive patients respond well to an antidepressant medication. However, the antidepressant effect still seems to be strongly linked to undesirable (mainly anticholinergic) side effects. The main portion of tranquilizers prescribed at present comprises of benzodiazepines, which are given for the manifold types of anxiety and inner restlessness. Their widely spread application has recently become object of criticism: dependency and changes in the personality have been described. Benzodiazepines should therefore only be prescribed under certain conditions, where their very good anxiolytic effect can be applied without damage to the patient.
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PMID:[Therapy with antidepressive and tranquilizing agents]. 614 96


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