Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Subjective memory complaint is common in later life. Its relationship to future risk of dementia is unclear, although many reports have found a positive association. We designed the present cross-sectional survey to investigate the clinical features associated with subjective memory impairment. One hundred and eight volunteers and 38 non-complainers acting as age-matched controls were recruited. Eleven subjects with memory complaints were excluded because of prior stroke or low MMSE score. The CAMCOG was used to measure cognition; complainers had significantly lower scores (p<0.001). Univariate analysis showed that complainers had greater prevalence of depression, anxiety, insomnia, psychotic phenomenon, difficulties with ADL and word-finding difficulties. The frequency distribution of the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele was similar for both groups (p=0.469). Logistic regression analysis indicated that CAMCOG scores (p=0.002) and word-finding difficulty (p=0.002) were independently associated with memory complaints. These results show that memory complainers have worse cognitive performance than non-complainers and support the findings of other studies that suggest that subjective memory loss may be a reliable indicator of cognitive decline.
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PMID:Clinical characteristics of individuals with subjective memory loss in Western Australia: results from a cross-sectional survey. 1124 22

The aim of this study was to determine whether the apolipoprotein E genotype differs in patients who respond or do not respond to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). Inpatients, out-patients, and day-treatment patients who had received ECT comprised the study group. The 34 patients included met DSM-III-R criteria for affective or schizoaffective disorder. Responder or nonresponder status was assessed using the Clinical Global Inventory and Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale. Blood samples were taken and coded when the patients entered the study. DNA extraction and apolipoprotein E genotyping were performed with no knowledge of the clinical classification of the patients. A significant difference in E4 genotype distribution was found between ECT responders and nonresponders (p < 0.02); psychosis was significantly less frequent in this group (p = 0.046), and there was a trend toward older onset of depression among these persons (p = 0.10). Only the E3/3 genotype was found in the patients with early-onset depression. The E4 genotype appears to define a subgroup of patients with late-onset depression who respond to ECT. If confirmed in prospective studies, this may provide a useful marker in the treatment decision-making process for late-onset depression.
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PMID:Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and response to electroconvulsive therapy. 1128 8

Two recently described polymorphisms in the promoter region of the apolipoprotein E (APOE), the -491A/T and Th1/E47csT/G polymorphism, have been suggested to be associated with an increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) independent from the APOE epsilon 4 carrier status. We studied the association between the APOE epsilon 4 polymorphism and the -491A/T and Th1E47csT/G polymorphisms in a sample of 118 healthy, non-demented controls and 239 consecutively recruited gerontopsychiatric patients diagnosed as: Alzheimer's disease (N = 89), age mild cognitive impairment (N = 32), memory complainers without any cognitive deficit (N = 54) and depression/other psychiatric disorders (N = 64), to test whether the investigated polymorphisms have a high enough selectivity and specificity to distinguish between the different gerontopsychiatric disorders or to differentiate AD genetically from other forms of dementia, respectively. Also a possible association with the APOE epsilon 4 polymorphism was examined. We found a statistically significant association between the APOE epsilon 4 allele and Alzheimer's disease (p = 0.0001) and age associated memory impairment (p = 0.006). Our study failed to show an association between the promoter polymorphisms -491A/T and Th1E47csT/G in the APOE gene and gerontopsychiatric disorders either alone or in relationship to the APOE epsilon 4 polymorphism. However, if we combine our results with three previous published positive reports there seems to be an association between the -491A/T polymorphism and AD, though its size is less than found in the original publication.
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PMID:Polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in gerontopsychiatric patients. 1131 14

Several studies confirm cognitive impairment and dementia to be increased after stroke in the elderly. Although not necessarily involving memory deficits, the frequency of cognitive impairments may occur in up to 30% of stroke survivors at 3 months. This impairment may be confounded by preexisting cognitive decline or dementia. By contrast, cognitive changes and dementia are widely recognized in familial forms of stroke, such as cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). Several factors, including type of stroke, recurrent episodes, the site and laterality of the lesion(s), volume of cerebral infarction, medial temporal lobe atrophy, and coexistent neurodegenerative pathology predict the degree of impairment. Aphasia, diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, and depression are listed among other biologic factors that further exacerbate cognition and affect long-term survival. There is no clear consensus whether genetic factors, such as the apolipoprotein E e4 allele or angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphisms, modify cognitive changes or stroke outcome. Although several neurotransmitter systems may be affected in post-stroke dementia, the amelioration of cholinergic function is a worthy target.
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PMID:Stroke and cognition. 1138

In a previous cross-sectional study of 100 asymptomatic individuals aged 49-69, we reported age-related decline in immediate and delayed memory that was steeper in apolipoprotein E (apoE)-e4/4 homozygotes than in members of other genetic subgroups. These findings were preliminarily based upon the statistical problem of multiple comparisons. We therefore sought to replicate these findings in a new cohort. From 1998 to 2000, 80 asymptomatic residents of Maricopa County, AZ were recruited through newspaper ads. 20 apoE-e4/4 homozygotes, 20 e3/4 heterozygotes, and 40 e4 noncarriers were matched (1:1:2) by age, gender, and years of education. All had normal neurologic and psychiatric examinations, including Folstein minimental status exam (MMSE) and Hamilton depression scale, and underwent a battery of neuropsychological tests identical to those in our previous study. The groups were well-matched for age (55.9+/-5.9 years), gender (60% women), and education (15.9+/-2.2 years), and were demographically similar to our previous cohort. Complex figure test recall was lower in e3/4 heterozygotes than noncarriers, but there was no significant difference between e4/4 homozygotes and noncarriers. There were no other significant differences in mean test scores between groups, but Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised (WAIS-R) digit span showed a significant negative correlation with age in the e4/4 homozygote group relative to e4 noncarriers (p=0.008) as we had found in our previous study. In conclusion, we found a significant negative correlation of WAIS-R digit span with age in apoE-e4/4 homozygotes relative to e4 noncarriers in two separate cohorts, possibly reflecting an age-related effect on frontal lobe function in this genetic subgroup.
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PMID:Preclinical cognitive decline in late middle-aged asymptomatic apolipoprotein E-e4/4 homozygotes: a replication study. 1153 38

We examined the effect of the apolipoprotein E (apo E) epsilon4 allele on the relationship between self-reported stress and mood in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Eighty-six female subjects between the ages of 28 and 82 years who were community-dwelling AD patient caregivers participated in the study. A cross-sectional analysis of stress and mood was performed using the Revised Memory and Behavior Problem Checklist and the Geriatric Depression Scale. All subjects were evaluated for normal cognitive function (Mini-Mental Status Examination) and apo E genotype. The results indicated that increased levels of stress were associated with increased levels of depressive symptoms in nondemented caregivers with the epsilon4 allele. This relationship was not observed in caregivers without the epsilon4 allele. These results suggest that carriers of the epsilon4 allele may respond differently to psychological stress than do individuals without the epsilon4 allele.
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PMID:Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele affects the relationship between stress and depression in caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. 1156 33

Cortical spreading depression (CSD) may be the underlying mechanism of migraine aura. The role of CSD in initiating a migraine headache remains to be determined, but it might involve specific changes in gene expression in the brain. To examine these changes, four episodes of CSD at 5-minute intervals were induced in the mouse brain by application of 300mM KCl, and gene expression was examined 2 hours later using cDNA array and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Controls consisted of groups that received anesthesia only, attachment of recording electrodes only, and application of 0.9% NaCl. Of the over 1,180 genes examined in our experiments, those consistently regulated by CSD included vasoactive peptides; the vasodilator atrial natriuretic peptide was induced by CSD, while the vasoconstrictor neuropeptide Y was downregulated. Other genes specifically regulated by CSD were involved in oxidative stress responses (major prion protein, glutathione-S-transferase-5, and apolipoprotein E). L-type calcium channel mRNA was upregulated. In summary, CSD regulates genes that are intrinsic to its propagation, that identify accompanying vascular responses as a potential source of pain, and that protect against its potential pathological consequences. We believe these observations have strong relevance to the mechanisms of migraine and its outcomes.
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PMID:Cortical spreading depression and gene regulation: relevance to migraine. 1192 Oct 56

The association between depression and apolipoprotein E (apoE) was investigated in 137 out-patients with Alzheimer's disease. An ICD-10 diagnosis of depression was found in 21.1% of all patients. There was a good correlation between clinicians' diagnoses and blinded rating by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (r = 0.70). In male patients, apoE 3/3 was detected in 34.1%, 3/4 in 38.6%, 4/4 in 13.6%, 2/4 in 6.8% and 2/3 in 6.8% of cases. In female patients, apoE 3/3 was detected in 35.5%, 3/4 in 45.2%, 4/4 in 12.8%, 2/4 in 3.2% and 2/3 in 3.2% of cases. When analyzing the variance of gene dosage effect, the frequency of the apoE epsilon 4 allele was significantly increased in depressed women but not in men. This effect remained stable in stepwise regression analysis when depression as the dependent variable was tested against the independent variables age, age of onset, duration of disease, cognitive status and years of school education.
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PMID:Depression in Alzheimer's disease might be associated with apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele frequency in women but not in men. 1214 52

A prospective analysis of risk factors for Alzheimer's disease was a major objective of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging, a nationwide, population-based study. Of 6,434 eligible subjects aged 65 years or older in 1991, 4,615 were alive in 1996 and participated in the follow-up study. All participants were cognitively normal in 1991 when they completed a risk factor questionnaire. Their cognitive status was reassessed 5 years later by using a similar two-phase procedure, including a screening interview, followed by a clinical examination when indicated. The analysis included 194 Alzheimer's disease cases and 3,894 cognitively normal controls. Increasing age, fewer years of education, and the apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele were significantly associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, wine consumption, coffee consumption, and regular physical activity were associated with a reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease. No statistically significant association was found for family history of dementia, sex, history of depression, estrogen replacement therapy, head trauma, antiperspirant or antacid use, smoking, high blood pressure, heart disease, or stroke. The protective associations warrant further study. In particular, regular physical activity could be an important component of a preventive strategy against Alzheimer's disease and many other conditions.
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PMID:Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective analysis from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. 1219 14

The aim of this study was to define the co-occurrence of behavioural symptoms and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in relation to apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. Probable AD patients from the Alzheimer's Day Clinic (n = 139) were assessed with the 'Behavioural Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease' rating scale, and their APOE genotype was determined. This study demonstrated no relationship between presence of the APOE epsilon4 allele and any of the behavioural symptoms assessed, including delusions, hallucinations, depression, activity disturbances, aggressiveness and anxiety. Activity disturbances, delusions, hallucinations and aggressiveness paralleled the severity of AD, increasing in frequency with the severity of the dementia. The prevalence of delusions, hallucinations, aggressiveness and depression were found to be associated with lower levels of education.
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PMID:Behavioural pathology in Alzheimer's disease with special reference to apolipoprotein E genotype. 1241 63


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