Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In a controlled clinical inpatient trial (n = 93) comparing the efficacy and safety of brofaromine versus tranylcypromine for 6 weeks in treatment-resistant major depressed patients, the two drugs were found to be of comparable afficacy and tolerability. The response rate (a 50% reduction) on the Hamilton Scale for Depression (HAMD) in both groups was about 73%. The most common side effects in the brofaromine group were sleep disorders, hypotension, tremor and dryness of mouth; and in the tranylcypromine group sleep disorders, fatigue, hypotension, tremor and vertigo. Methodological and practical clinical implications of the results are discussed.
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PMID:Brofaromine in treatment-resistant depressed patients--a comparative trial versus tranylcypromine. 800 47

Thirty-three years ago, Gaddum and Picarelli classified the serotonin (5-HT) receptors in the guinea-pig ileum into D and M types based on the activity of dibenzyline (D) and morphine (M) to block contractions of intestinal smooth muscles caused by 5-HT. The subsequent location of specific ligand binding sites for 5-HT in the brain has led to the identification of 10 5-HT receptor subtypes in rat brain. While there is some controversy over the functional importance of many of these receptor subtypes, there is evidence that they fall into two major groups according to the nature of their coupling to secondary messengers or ion channels. Thus the 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors appear to occupy the G protein receptor subfamily which may be coupled either to adenylate cyclase (most 5-HT1 subtypes) or phosphatidyl inositol (5-HT2 subtypes). The central "M" receptors (now termed 5-HT3) appear to occupy a ligand-gated ion channel superfamily. The cloning of these receptor subtypes has been of importance in enabling them to be classified as specific protein molecules encoded by specific genes. A problem now arises with regard to the linking of the changes in the cellular activity of the various receptor subtypes with the plethora of behavioural changes that arise as a consequence of the actions of 5-HT in the brain. The present review summarizes the evidence implicating the role of specific 5-HT receptor subtypes in thermoregulation, modulation of cardiovascular function, eating disorders, sleep, sexual activity, anxiety states, aggression, schizophrenia and depression. A summary of the relationship between these receptor subtypes and their possible involvement in the aetiology of these diseases is also given.
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PMID:Serotonin receptors--where are they going? 802 39

The efficacy of moclobemide (300-450 mg/day) was compared with fluoxetine (20-40 mg/day) in a double-blind, multicentre study in 209 patients with new episodes of depression selected from 612 consecutive depressed patients representative of those consulting psychiatric services in Finland. Antidepressant efficacy was assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). The Medical Outcome Study Short-form General Health Survey (SF-20) and 15D Measure of Quality of Life were used to measure effectiveness in terms of health-related quality of life. Efficacy was evident with both drug treatments, with 67% in the moclobemide group and 57% in the fluoxetine group having a reduction in HDRS of more than 50%. Similarly, 77% of the patients in the moclobemide group and 67% in the fluoxetine group were assessed on the CGI as much better or very much better after 6 weeks of treatment. The most commonly reported adverse events were nausea, other gastrointestinal symptoms, nervousness, dizziness and sleep disorders. Nausea was significantly more common in the fluoxetine group and was found especially in women. Premature terminations of treatment were 18% in the moclobemide and 21% in the fluoxetine group. A significant change for the better in quality of life was found in both treatment groups, even at week 2 but especially after 6 weeks of treatment. Improvement was not only seen in dimensions measuring depression or mental health but also in other dimensions.
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PMID:Antidepressant efficacy and quality of life in depression: a double-blind study with moclobemide and fluoxetine. 808 64

Quality-of-life (QOL) in patients with respiratory illness is a topic of increasing interest to clinicians and researchers. In a multicentre trial, which studies the long-term effects of three medication regimens (beta-agonist plus either placebo, anticholinergic agent or corticosteroid, all by inhalation) in patients with chronic nonspecific lung disease ((CNSLD): asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), quality-of-life was included as an additional outcome measure. We wanted to provide a baseline assessment of quality-of-life in 274 adult patients with a mild to moderate degree of CNSLD. Quality-of-life was measured using a set of six standardized tests: Anxiety, Depression and Sleep Disorders, Optimism and Stigma, and Activities of Daily Living were assessed via scales with adequate validity and reliability, as established in previous work in Dutch patients with CNSLD. We found that quality-of-life was mildly impaired in these patients. Although differences with a reference group were present throughout, these were not significant, probably due to selection of relatively young, clinically stable, and highly motivated patients for our study. Quality-of-life scores showed higher correlation coefficients (0.20 < r < 0.38) to symptom scores than did results of pulmonary function tests (r < 0.015). In logistic regression models, absence from work and hospitalizations due to CNSLD were partly determined by quality-of-life scores.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Quality-of-life in a long-term multicentre trial in chronic nonspecific lung disease: assessment at baseline. The Dutch CNSLD Study Group. 811 42

The factor structure of responses to the Chinese version of the General Health Questionnaire (CGHQ-30) in a sample of 2,150 Chinese secondary school students was examined using the LISREL approach to confirmatory factor analysis. The results showed that while a five-factor model (Anxiety, Depression, Inadequate Coping, Social Dysfunctioning and Sleep Disturbances) was able to fit the data, a higher-order factor model with five primary factors (Anxiety, Depression, Inadequate Coping, Social Dysfunctioning and Sleep Disturbances) and a second-order factor (General Psychopathology) was found to be a more parsimonious model. The present findings are discussed with reference to the controversies that surround the dimensionality of the General Health Questionnaire.
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PMID:Factor structure of the Chinese version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHO-30): a confirmatory factor analysis. 825 75

Chronobiology--derived from chronos (time), bios (life), and logos (study of)--is the objective description of biological time structures and plays an important role in medicine. Circadian rhythms regulate the behaviour, physiology and function of living organisms at many biochemical levels. The influence of the rhythmic manifestation of life may be shown in the constructive effects of growth, development and maturation and is named anachronobiology. In contrast catachronobiology denotes deleterious effects of time and rhythm which may lead to a diseased state. This article summarizes some new data about light as a synchronizer of biological rhythms. A time-keeper--biological clock--is used by the body for readjustment of rhythms when this is desirable. More recently, light has been used to adjust the biological clock following changes of circadian rhythms during shift work or jet lag occurring when flying from one time zone to another. Light may be used to treat depression, sleep disorders, menstrual dysregulations and other illnesses with disturbed circadian and seasonal rhythms. Examples of the importance of chronopharmacology (time-dependent changes in drug metabolism and drug effect) are also presented. New findings indicate that circadian oscillators are under genetic control; a light-influenced regulatory role for cellular immediate-early genes in circadian behaviour has been discovered. This suggests that light is of importance in regulation of macromolecular synthesis at all levels of the circadian system.
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PMID:Light and biological rhythms. 828 59

Insomnia in elderly people has traditionally been regarded as inevitable and trivial. A longitudinal study was undertaken to examine the prevalence of sleep disturbance among elderly people in an inner London community and its association with demographic variables, depression, dementia and disability. Those aged 65 years and over living at home were interviewed using a validated and reliable semi-structured interview schedule. A total of 705 people were interviewed in 1987-88 and 524 were re-interviewed in 1990. Subjective sleep disturbance was found to be common (33% and 43%, respectively). Sleep disturbance was associated with being a woman, being unmarried, living alone, disability, and current and future depression, but not with dementia or older age. The best predictor of future depression in elderly people who were not depressed was current sleep disturbance. In the presence of current sleep disturbance, the traditional predictors of depression--being a woman, having a disability, being unmarried, living alone and being older--did not contribute further. This study has shown that sleep disorder is associated with pathology. Insomnia in elderly people requires assessment and this must be accompanied by the treatment of underlying disorders and monitoring of future health.
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PMID:Does sleep disturbance predict depression in elderly people? A study in inner London. 820 44

Sleep disorders are common in midlife and older adults, coinciding with encephalographic changes in sleep patterns, stressful life events, and chronic diseases of aging. Differential diagnosis includes respiratory abnormalities (including obstructive sleep apnea), leg cramps, nocturia, ulcer-related pain, medication use, depression, and anxiety. Sedative-hypnotic agents may be appropriate for selected patients, with short-acting substances preferred in all cases. Dosage and dosing schedules should be discussed with the patient to ensure compliance and to avoid possible misuse of these agents.
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PMID:When your older patient can't sleep: how to put insomnia to rest. 836 64

Sleep disturbance is a common and frequent complaint reported by tinnitus sufferers. Recent studies have shown that when insomnia and depression are associated with tinnitus there is decreased tolerance and increased discomfort with the tinnitus. The purpose of this study was to assess the reported prevalence and severity of sleep disturbance in chronic tinnitus patients. Patients (n = 80) were military personnel without major psychiatric disturbance and their tinnitus was associated with noise-induced permanent hearing loss (NIHL). Mini Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ) scores for sleep disturbance were found to be higher than those of normal controls in 77% of the patients. Highest MSQ scores in tinnitus patients with a sleep complaint were for delayed sleep, morning awakenings, mid-sleep awakenings, morning fatigue, and chronic fatigue. In contrast, a complaint of excessive daytime sleep (EDS) was not common. The self-rated severity of the tinnitus was greater in subjects with higher sleep disturbance scores. Self-rated depressive symptomatology was also highly correlated with sleep disturbance. Retrospective examination of sleep records and polysomnographic data for 10 patients with a complaint of chronic tinnitus revealed a combined effect for the tinnitus condition when associated with another conventional sleep disorder. In spite of the common complaint of sleep disturbance in tinnitus, only a minority seek a sleep examination.
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PMID:Sleep disturbance associated with chronic tinnitus. 837 41

Seven women and one man aged from 51 to 70 years suffered from eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome after taking medicines containing tryptophan for depression or sleep disorders; the total duration of intake ranged from three to 106 months and the average daily dose was 1312 mg. All the patients had muscle pains and skin lesions resembling scleroderma together with impairment of general well being; six of them had high eosinophil counts of up to 2,600 cells/microliters (mean 1,629); other symptoms were weight loss, pruritus, fever, dyspnoea and sensory abnormalities. Discontinuation of tryptophan combined with systemic treatment with prednisone in doses of 32 or 20 mg/d for 4 to 16 weeks soon brought the eosinophil counts down, but the skin lesions, muscle pains and other symptoms showed little improvement over a follow-up period averaging 17.1 months. Treatment with penicillin G (20 mega-units daily for 14 days), azathioprine (100 mg daily for 2 months) or cyclosporin (2.5 mg/kg.day) was tried in some cases but had no significant effect.
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PMID:[The tryptophan-associated eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome. A clinical follow-up of 8 patients]. 844 Jan 61


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