Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infections of children with malignant disease, especially of the lympho-reticular system, are characterized by their severity, with a high mortality, as a consequence of defective immunocompetence. According to the immunosurveillance theory, temporary immune defects could have even facilitated the malignant growth. The neoplastic disease itself contributes to the immunodeficiency by multiple mechanisms. The powerful cytostatic-cytocidal drugs reduce the immune response also, especially in the phases of bone marrow depression. Granulocytopenia shows the most significant correlation with the incidence of serious infections. The different forms of hospital infections have been reviewed and classified as 1. bacterial, fungal and, rarely, (but most dangerous) protozoal infections, 2. endogenous infections with the patient's own anaerobic intestinal flora and 3. viral infections. The perspectives of up-to-date chemotherapy and management of the immunodeficiency e.g. with leucocyte transfusions, and attempts to prevent infection are discussed.
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PMID:[Infections in children with malignant disease (author's transl)]. 51 38

Three experiments determined if the methionine requirement of broiler chicks was affected by coccidial infection. Chicks were fed a corn-soy or a corn-soy-pea basal diet containing 0.73% and 0.62% total sulfur amino acids (TSAA), respectively. Levels of 0 to 0.45% DL-methionine were added, with and without 0.01% monensin sodium. In two experiments, the chicks were inoculated at two weeks of age with a mixture of oocysts of E. acervulina, E. maxima, E. tenella, E. necatrix and E. brunetti. Lesion scores on the intestines and ceca, and blood carotenoid levels were determined at three weeks. The experiments were terminated at four weeks. A level of methionine greater than 0.47% and of TSAA greater than 0.83% was necessary to obtain maximum growth rate in uninoculated chicks. No evidence of dermatitis was observed. Growth rate and feed efficiency of chicks infected with coccidiosis were more severly depressed when the diet was not supplemented with methionine. Infections of coccidia and low levels of methionine, which in themselves did not produce any significant change in weight gain, did give a significant weight depression in combination. Adding monensin to the diet prevented a reduction in growth rate and feed efficiency of inoculated chicks fed adequate methionine. Monensin did not completely prevent the adverse effects of a coccidial infection, based on feed efficiency, when chicks were fed diets inadequate in methionine. Blood carotenoid levels were not affected by methionine level, but were significantly lowered by coccidial infection in the absence of monensin. Intestinal and cecal lesions in inoculated chicks were significantly reduced by including monesin in the diet. Although the coccidial infection more severly affected the performance of chicks fed diets deficient in methionine, satistical analysis of pooled data indicated no difference in the quantitative requirement of chicks for methionine. Therefore, a level of methionine and cystine adequate for optimum growth under the coccidial-free conditions should be adequate for chicks when infected with coccidia.
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PMID:Effect of dietary methionine status on response of chicks to coccidial infection. 93 21

Most older adults in the United States live at home and are well nourished. Approximately 5% to 6% reside in nursing homes, and this segment of the older population typically suffers from multiple diseases that contribute to a high incidence of malnutrition. Forty percent of hospital beds are occupied by older persons. This article addresses the causes of malnutrition in older persons institutionalized in long-term and acute-care facilities. The causes include changes in nutrient requirements secondary to disease processes and drug modalities in combination with low or marginal dietary intake. Infections are common and result in anorexia, poor dietary intake, and malnutrition, which predispose the patient to another infection. Occurrence of decubitus ulcers is related to nutritional status and presents a serious risk for older persons with limited mobility. Depression and dementia are commonly seen in older persons and are major contributors to poor appetite and malnutrition. Cancer cachexia accounts for about half of the cases of malnutrition in older institutionalized persons. Physiologic changes that occur with age and multiple drug use place older persons at a high risk for adverse drug reactions. Less body water in the older individual influences and complicates many aspects of treatment. Standards, methods, and interpretation of nutritional assessment measurements in older persons differ from those in younger adults. The nutrition care provider must carefully consider many complex physical, medical, and psychosocial factors to deliver individualized nutrition care.
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PMID:Malnutrition in the institutionalized older adult. 151 70

Depression of cellular and humoral immunity can result in an overwhelming infection with the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Infections in which the densities of mites are very high are known as Norwegian, or crusted, scabies. Cases of Norwegian scabies have been reported sporadically in patients with AIDS, but the appearance of the rash on these patients can be very misleading because of the diffuse papular or psoriasiform presentation. Such patients may readily transmit scabies to others. Since the disease is curable, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any persistent papular or psoriasiform rash on a patient with AIDS.
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PMID:Norwegian scabies in a patient with AIDS. 157 23

A number of infections are capable of depressing the capacity of the liver to metabolize drugs. We have studied a number of factors which could be involved in the depression of cytochrome P-450 and related drug biotransformation enzymes during infections with Listeria monocytogenes. During the course of the infection, drug metabolism and heme content of hepatic microsomes were depressed but heme oxygenase was elevated. A free radical scavenger alpha-tocopherol did not prevent the loss and xanthine oxidase activities did not correlate with the time course of the loss. Infections in susceptible (balb/c) mice produced a larger loss in drug metabolism than in resistant (C57BL/6) mice, and an avirulent strain of the bacteria was without effect. A preparation of hemolysin isolated from Listeria monocytogenes produced a dose-dependent loss of cytochrome P-450 in isolated hepatocytes. These experiments indicate that the loss of drug metabolism during Listeria infections is most likely due to hemolysin released by the bacteria.
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PMID:Factors involved in the depression of hepatic mixed function oxidase during infections with Listeria monocytogenes. 207 Dec 96

Bone marrow depression (myelosuppression) in the patient with cancer may result from the disease itself or from its treatment. The consequences of myelosuppression are numerous; the most critical problem that results from leukopenia is infection. Serious clinical consequences follow depression of normal leukocyte function. A clear understanding of the functioning of each type of leukocyte is essential for managing the various complications associated with leukopenia. The three components of myelosuppression management are: prevention of infection, frequent patient assessment for the early detection of infection, and aggressive management when such infection arises. The oncology nurse minimizes patient- and environment-related sources of infection and is aware that detection is complicated by the lack or diminution of signs and symptoms in a leukopenic patient. Infections that arise are managed in different ways, depending on the pathogen and on available therapy. In addition to conventional antimicrobial therapy, newer therapeutic modalities, such as colony-stimulating factors, may hold promise for the treatment of leukopenic patients. The nurse is responsible for many aspects of the care for these patients.
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PMID:Management of myelosuppression in the patient with cancer. 210 82

Infections with gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes are among the most prevalent infections of man. Not only are they common and widespread in populations throughout the world, but they are frequently chronic and occur repeatedly throughout the lifetime of an individual. It is now well established that such parasites can be highly immunogenic and that their environment, the gastrointestinal tract, is well equipped to mount potent immune and inflammatory responses. The abundance and long-term survival of GI nematodes therefore present a paradox. This review takes the standpoint that man as a species has the capacity to produce effective and protective responses against GI infections, but that this capacity is subject to a number of powerful constraints, arising from parasite evasion, depression of response capacity and deficiency in response capacity. These constraints are discussed in the light of evidence drawn from experimental studies with animal models.
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PMID:Genetic and other constraints on resistance to infection with gastrointestinal nematodes. 311 Oct 21

Mechanisms which disturb mucociliary transport may act on the mucus, the ciliary action or both. Inflammation of the airways almost invariably induces reversible functional disturbances but can, in chronic diseases, also lead to irreversible morphological lesions. Infectious inflammation acts mainly through ciliostatic or cytotoxic effects on ciliated cells. Infections with rhinovirus, influenza virus A and M. pneumoniae may induce profound disturbances of the mucociliary system, with effects lasting up to 1 year. In non-infectious inflammation, the mucociliary system might be influenced by serum factors leaking through the bronchial wall, by inflammatory cells such as granulocytes and eosinophils, and by mediators released from mast cells. In a very early phase of the acute allergic reaction in bronchial asthma, these mediators are responsible for an acceleration of mucus transport, which is followed by a long-standing depression mainly due to the production of highly viscous mucus. Any positive therapeutic effects resulting from drug administration can only be achieved in early phases of the disease, before irreversible morphological lesions have occurred.
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PMID:Mucus transport and inflammation. 353 95

Infections with the intestinal flagellates Giardia muris and Spironucleus muris are accompanied by a depression in the ability of mice to mount an immune response to a thymus-dependent antigen (sheep red blood cells) but not to a thymus-independent antigen (TNP-lipopolysaccharide). The number of splenic IgM plaque-forming cells and haemagglutination titres, of both IgM and IgG, to sheep red blood cells decreased between days 10 and 21, which correlated with the time of maximal trophozoite levels in the small intestine. The number of background IgM plaque-forming cells to sheep red blood cells or DNP was not significantly different from controls in either infection. No evidence for systemic macrophage activation was associated with these infections. In fact, adherent peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from infected mice were slightly less cytostatic against target tumour cells than adherent PEC from normal mice, at a time when the parasites were being eliminated from the small intestine.
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PMID:Immunodepression in Giardia muris and Spironucleus muris infections in mice. 636 68

Infections and chronic liver injury are common causes of morbidity and mortality in alcoholics, and both of these may be related to an altered immune response. This study describes a guinea pig model of chronic ethanolism designed to selectively study the cellular immune system in a setting free from the malnutrition, socioeconomic deprivation, and severe underlying hepatic dysfunction seen in human disease. Animals were given 2.5 g/kg/day of ethanol as a 15% solution in 0.9% NaCl or isocaloric-dextrose-saline control solution intraperitoneally in 2 divided doses for 5 weeks. At 2 weeks, the mean serum ethanol level 1 hr after treatment was 20.4 mM (range 8.9-30.6) while the mean serum acetaldehyde level was 55.1 microM (range 17.0-111). At 5 weeks the serum levels for ethanol and acetaldehyde were 20.1 mM (13.3-32.9) and 41.5 microM (2.4-87.6), respectively. Weight gain was persistent throughout the study and did not differ significantly between ethanol and control groups. After 5 weeks of treatment, lymphocyte response to the mitogens, phytohemagglutinin, and concanavalin A was significantly decreased in the ethanol treated group (p less than 0.05). Response to the specific antigen, picrylated human serum albumin, T & B cell per cent and number, skin test reactivity, peripheral white blood cell count, total lymphocyte count, and migration inhibitory factor production were not significantly altered by 5 weeks of ethanol treatment. Therefore, in a controlled animal model of chronic ethanolism, we observed a significant depression of lymphocyte blastogenic response which may, in part, explain the increased propensity to infection by intracellular pathogens seen in alcoholics.
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PMID:Ethanol-induced alterations in lymphocyte function in the guinea pig. 637 25


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