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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The present study was conducted to assess the reciprocal effects between the psychosocial contexts of diabetes and older adulthood. Data were collected from 191 community-dwelling adults over the age of 60 with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Results indicate that older adults with diabetes reported higher rates of selected chronic illnesses, lower self-rated physical health, and higher levels of depression than did comparison samples of older adults without diabetes. Compared with younger adults with NIDDM, the present sample of older adults perceived fewer impacts of diabetes, including fewer symptoms of poor metabolic control, less emotional impact, fewer barriers to adherence, and less complex regimens. Overall levels of social support and regimen adherence were high. Older adults in this sample reported wanting minimal help from their family and friends with self-management activities and receiving more help than desired with following a meal plan and taking medications. Implications of the unique context of older adulthood for diabetes self-management are discussed.
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PMID:Psychosocial contexts of diabetes and older adulthood: reciprocal effects. 187 77

In non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, performance of complex cognitive tasks requiring the storage and retrieval of new information is poorer than in age-matched controls. By contrast, performance of less demanding tasks such as immediate memory and simple reaction time is essentially equivalent for NIDDM patients and controls. This pattern parallels the cognitive change observed with normal aging, in which age differences are minimal on less demanding immediate memory tasks but older adults perform more poorly than young adults on secondary or long-term memory tasks. Age-related changes in cognitive performance have been attributed to a reduction in processing resources or working memory capacity. Although the explanation for NIDDM-related deficits remains to be identified, reduced glucose control and elevated levels of triglycerides appear to play some role in cognitive impairment. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes is associated not only with elevated levels of depression, but with an increased frequency of self-reported memory problems. Moreover, elevated levels of depression are associated with various indicators of neuropathy and with significant reductions in self-regulated control of glucose at the time of medical office visits. Diabetic patients may perceive less control over their lives as a result of the many restrictions associated with the disease. When provided with the opportunity to exercise control, however, performance on many cognitive tasks can be improved in NIDDM as well as in age-matched controls. This suggests that by providing NIDDM patients with opportunities to exercise increased control over their lives it may be possible to enhance motivation and to increase the likelihood of the patient's adopting more effective self-regulatory behaviors.
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PMID:Cognitive and affective disorders in elderly diabetics. 222 44

Decibel values of threshold sensitivity depression of the retina were evaluated in 69 eyes with NIDDM using the Humphrey automated static perimeter. The eyes were classified into three groups: group I (GI) consisting of 32 eyes with no retinopathy or with stages 1 and 2 of simple diabetic retinopathy, group II (GII) consisting of 21 eyes with stage 3 of simple retinopathy or pre-proliferative retinopathy and group III (GIII) consisting of 16 eyes treated by panretinal photocoagulation using an argon laser. The average age in each group was 60 years and all eyes had a visual acuity of over 0.6. As controls, 16 normal eyes were examined. In comparison with the values of the control, the mean of the sum of decibel threshold sensitivity in the macular retina significantly decreased by 5% in GI, 7.8% in GII, and 24.3% in GIII. It was found that the mean of the sum of decibels in the central retina decreased by 8.2% in GI and 15.5% in GII. The sum of decibels in the mid-peripheral retina showed a decrease of 11.4% in GI and 27.5% in GII. In addition, the decibel values of threshold sensitivity of the lower half of the retina tended to decrease more easily than those of the upper half of the retina in the parafoveal and the macular areas. It was also suggested that decibel values of threshold sensitivity of the retina may decrease shortly after PRP in the paramacular area (located about 10 degrees from the fovea) but not in the foveal area.
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PMID:[Evaluation of diabetic retinopathy by automated static perimetry]. 277 97

The incidence and prevalence of depression in diabetic patients in the United Kingdom is unknown. Since depression may influence blood glucose control which in turn may be related to the development of diabetic complications, it is important to estimate its prevalence in diabetic patients. The prevalence of depression was investigated in a group of Caucasian and West Indian, insulin-(IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) adult diabetics and a non-diabetic comparison group. Prevalence of depression was 8.5% for both groups and a further 19.2% and 14.6%, respectively, had borderline depression. Presence of depression was unrelated to sex, ethnic group, duration or type (IDDM or NIDDM) of diabetes and social class but significantly related to type of accommodation, marital status, and amount of social contact. A higher percentage of diabetics with psychiatric symptoms had one or more current complications compared to 'normal' diabetics. Diabetics suffer from a similar amount of depression to non-diabetics, but psychiatric symptoms may be related to the frequency of diabetic complications.
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PMID:Depression and diabetes. 296 50

Neurobehavioral and electrophysiologic studies were carried out to determine the effect of diabetes mellitus on brain function. Fifty one non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients were compared with 30 nondiabetic controls that are equally matched in age, sex and educational level. The aim of this study was to determine the change of brain function in diabetics, and to evaluate the correlation between brain function and clinical factors. The results showed: In the diabetic group, 'the Clinical Memory Test' performances on MQ, the five subtests were respectively lower than those of the controls. 'The Fourth Exception Test', 'the Motor Stability Test' and 'the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale' results were significantly disordered, too. The latencies of wave I, III, V of BAEP, wave N65 P100 N125 P160 of VEP, wave P1 N1 P2 N2 N3 P4 of SEP and the interpeak latency of I-V of BAEP were prolonged significantly compared with the controls. Within the diabetics, there was correlation between I-V interpeak latency of BAEP, P100 peak latency of VEP and serum creatinine. These results demonstrate that brain dysfunction are present in NIDDM, and these brain dysfunction correlate with the kidney function.
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PMID:[Decreased brain function in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus]. 760 81

The Nova ISE for IMg2+ was utilized to examine IMg2+ in plasma and serum of patients with a variety of pathophysiologic and disease syndromes (e.g., long-term renal transplants [LTRT], during and before cardiac surgery, migraine headaches, head trauma, pregnancy, chronic fatigue syndrome [CFS], non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus [NIDDM], asthma and after excessive dietary intake of Mg). The results indicate that LTRT treated with cyclosporin A, migraine, head trauma, pregnancy, NIDDM, diseased pregnant, and asthmatic patients all on the average, exhibit significant depression in IMg2+ but not total Mg (TMg). Patients with CFS failed to exhibit changes in serum IMg2+ or TMg levels. Increased dietary load of Mg, for only 6 days, resulted in significant elevations of serum IMg2+ but not TMg. Correlations between the clinical course of several of these syndromes and the fall in IMg2+ were found. The Ca2+/Mg2+ ratio appears to be an important guide for signs of peripheral vasoconstriction and or spasm and possibly enhanced atherogenesis. Overall, the data point to important uses for ISE's for IMg2+ in the diagnosis and treatment of disease states.
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PMID:Clinical studies with the NOVA ISE for IMg2+. 793 86

Magnesium ions (Mg2+) are pivotal in the transfer, storage and utilization of energy; Mg2+ regulates and catalyzes some 300-odd enzyme systems in mammals. The intracellular level of free Mg2+ ([Mg2+]i) regulates intermediary metabolism, DNA and RNA synthesis and structure, cell growth, reproduction, and membrane structure. Mg2+ has numerous physiological roles among which are control of neuronal activity, cardiac excitability, neuromuscular transmission, muscular contraction, vasomotor tone, blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. Mg2+ modulates and controls cell Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticular membranes. Since the turn of this century, there has been a steady and progressive decline of dietary Mg intake to where much of the Western World population is ingesting less than an optimum RDA. Geographic regions low in soil and water Mg demonstrate increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Dietary deficiency of Mg2+ results in loss of cellular K+ and gain of cellular Na+ and calcium ions (Ca2+). Blood normally contains Mg2+ bound to proteins, Mg2+ complexed to small anion ligands and free ionized Mg2+ (IMg2+). Most clinical laboratories only now assess the total Mg, which consists of all three Mg fractions. Estimation of the IMg2+ level in serum or plasma by analysis of ultrafiltrates (complexed Mg + IMg2+) is somewhat unsatisfactory, as the methods employed do not distinguish the truly ionized form from Mg2+ bound to organic and inorganic anions. Because the levels of these ligands can vary significantly in numerous pathological states, it is desirable to directly measure the levels of IMg2+ in complex matrices such as whole blood, plasma and serum. Using novel ion selective electrodes (ISE's), we have found that there is virtually no difference in IMg2+, irrespective of whether one samples whole blood, plasma or serum. These data demonstrate that the mean concentration of IMg2+ in blood is about 600 mumoles/litre (0.54-0.65 mmol/L, 95% Cl); 65-72% of total Mg being free or biologically-active Mg2+. Use of the NOVA and KONE ISE's for IMg2+ on plasma and sera from patients with a variety of pathophysiologic and disease syndromes (e.g., long-term renal transplants, liver transplants, during and before cardiac surgery, ischemic heart disease [IHD], headaches, pregnancy, neonatal period, non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM), end-stage renal disease [ESRD], hemodialyse [HEM], and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), hypertension, myocardial infarction [AMI] and after excessive dietary intake of Mg), has revealed interesting data. The results indicate that long-term renal transplant patients, headache, pregnant, NIDDM, ESRD, HEM, CAPD, AMI, hypertensive, and IHD subjects exhibit, on the average significant depression in IMg2+ but not TMg. Use of 31P-NMR spectroscopy on red blood cells, from several of these disease states, to assess free intracellular Mg ([Mg2+]i demonstrates a high correlation (r = 0.5-0.8) between IMg2+ and [Mg2+]i. Increased dietary load of Mg, for only 6 days, in human volunteers, resulted in significant elevations in serum IMg2+ but not TMg. Correlations between the clinical course of several of the above disease syndromes and the fall in IMg2+ and [Mg2+]i were found. The ICa2+/IMg2+ ratio appears, from our data, to be an important guide for signs of peripheral vasoconstriction, ischemia or spasm and possibly atherogenesis. Overall, our data point to important uses for ISE's for IMg2+ in the diagnosis and treatment of disease states.
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PMID:Role of magnesium in patho-physiological processes and the clinical utility of magnesium ion selective electrodes. 886 38

A hypothesis of a psychosocial origin of depression in diabetic persons (mainly patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) was tested. The population consisted of all the 1008 persons born in 1935 and living in a Finnish city (Oulu) on 1 October 1990. Data were collected in two phases. A screening for NIDDM and a collection of back ground data were carried out in the first phase. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed in the second phase in order to detect those with previously undiagnosed NIDDM, and depressive symptoms were measured with the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZSDS). Participants who scored 45 raw sum points or more were considered as suffering from depression. All those who were aware of their diabetes before the second phase were considered as previously diagnosed diabetics. Depression (raw sum score 45 points or more on the ZSDS) was associated with previously diagnosed diabetes mellitus, while it was not associated with undiagnosed diabetes. The sum scores on the ZSDS did not differ significantly from each other in the groups classified according to diabetic status. This finding was explained by the sum score of the ZSDS among the previously diagnosed diabetics, which had a skewed distribution towards higher sum scores. Among the previously diagnosed diabetic patients, all those who were depressed were on sick leave or retired, while the corresponding proportion for non-depressed patients was 52% (P = 0.009). The number of diagnosed diseases was higher among the former than the latter group (P = 0.025). Severe depressive symptoms were not associated with a more serious metabolic disease, but they tended to be associated with a great number of diagnosed diseases and with being on sick leave or retired. The results showed that the impact of diabetes mellitus itself on depression was not strong. Depression was not connected to elevated fasting blood glucose levels, but instead to a great number of diagnosed diseases and unfavourable social factors, such as being on sick leave or retired, which suggests a psychosocial origin of depression in NIDDM patients.
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PMID:Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and depression in a middle-aged Finnish population. 929 31

In this review, an attempt was made to describe how non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM, type II diabetes) affects the life of the ill person. Patients are affected by and cope with this complex disease in different ways, depending on its severity and complications. Influences on well-being therefore also vary--from none to major deterioration. A substantial proportion of patients are primarily affected with fatigue, anxiety, and depression. Deteriorations in cognitive function have also been documented, although diverging evidence exists. Some negative social circumstances have also been noted. Social support, particularly specific support, appears to be helpful, although self-efficacy and health practices seem to be as important. Resistance to compliance with diabetes regimens together with reactions to the demands for increased levels of physical activity are often seen. Systematic focused studies examining how patients and significant others perceive the impact of the disease in retrospect are still awaited. There is a great need for more research on type II diabetes; broad prospective longitudinal follow-up studies monitoring natural disease progression, as well as examining the predictive significance of quality of life, would be welcome.
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PMID:Type II diabetes and quality of life: a review of the literature. 1015 97

Physical training for patients with internal diseases differs in many points to the physical activity recommended for health maintenance. Cardiac patients are usually limited by symptoms (angina, ECG abnormalities, anaerobic threshold) therefore the intensity of the training (monitored by heart rate or ECG) must be setted by an ergometer exercise testing. Patients with obliterative peripheral artery disease may surpass the local anaerobic threshold during interval-type loads. Blood pressure limits the training intensity of the hypertensive patients if not an organ lesion. COPD patients use the rest periods of an interval training for expectoration and for restitution of their blood gas values. In insulin dependent diabetes the vascular complications can be avoided by a proper insulin regime, training and diet. Day-to-day training by an even energy need acts like the insulin therefore it must be carefully dosed. In NIDDM also the carbohydrate metabolism can improve significantly. In anxiety and depression the training and the social milieu offers a physiological trigger for the improvement. Other rehabilitative interactions (psychology, dietetics, behavioral modalities etc.) are built up in the basis of exercise training.
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PMID:[Training program for rehabilitation of patients with internal diseases]. 1037 66


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