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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
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Although some investigators show that division of child care between spouses is related to the psychological well-being of wives, little attention has been given to the relevance of specific dimensions of child care or to nonemployed as well as employed wives. In this study we differentiate basic child care tasks, i.e., those that are essential for the family's physical well-being from other, more supplemental, or auxiliary tasks. We hypothesize that husbands' failure to perform auxiliary child care will be distressing for wives, regardless of employment status because it contributes to perceptions of marital inequity. On the other hand, husbands' lack of participation in the more time-consuming, basic, tasks will be most distressing for employed wives because it results in an increased overall work load. We also hypothesize that when employed mothers are responsible for arranging child care, and when such care entails financial strains, they are more likely to experience psychological distress. To evaluate these hypotheses we use data drawn from a mail survey of a sample of mothers of infants. Using multiple regression analysis, we find that husbands' involvement in child care and housework, especially in the time-consuming tasks, is relatively low and that the most consistent predictor of husbands' involvement is wives' relative income. In terms of the impact of husbands' involvement on wives' well-being, lower levels of husbands' participation in auxiliary, but not basic, child care are associated with increases in reported symptoms, regardless of wives' employment status. When child care is relatively more costly, employed wives report increased symptoms of depression. We discuss these results in terms of the role played by expectations of husbands and wives about parental responsibility for child care.
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PMID:Infant care and wives' depressive symptoms. 187 85

Previous research has found a relationship between increased quantity of alcohol usually consumed per drinking occasion and decreased sober cognitive performance. It has been suggested that the effects of quantity of alcohol consumed may be conditional upon the frequency of alcohol use and that decreased performance in social drinkers may be a consequence of psychological distress (i.e., anxiety and depression). An analysis of data from a representative sample of employed men and women in metropolitan Detroit indicates that the relation between quantity of alcohol consumed per occasion and abstraction performance is conditional upon the frequency of alcohol use but that the relationship cannot be accounted for by psychological distress.
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PMID:Specifying the relationship between alcohol use and cognitive loss: the effects of frequency of consumption and psychological distress. 187 11

Twenty army officers who participated in a stress/type A behavior reduction program and a comparison group of 17 officer nonparticipants volunteered to undergo a battery of psychological and behavioral tests before and after the program. Following the program, participants displayed a significantly greater reduction in average daily caloric intake and levels of perceived stress, anxiety, hostility, depression, psychological distress, and type A behavior as compared to the officers who did not participate in it. Given the fact that most of these psychological and behavioral factors have been found in previous studies to be related to an increased risk for coronary artery disease, it seems that the changes reported by the participants in the program are potentially healthful.
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PMID:Psychological and behavioral benefits of a stress/type A behavior reduction program for healthy middle-aged army officers. 188 25

Measurements of cardiac function and Symptom Checklist-90R (SCL-90R) data were retrospectively analyzed in two independent groups of cardiac transplant candidates in an effort to identify organic correlates of depressive syndromes. In the first study, no significant inverse correlations were found between depression measures and cardiac index as had been predicted. However, elevated right atrial pressure was associated with increased scores of the SCL-90R depression subscale (DEP) and global symptom index (GSI). A significant positive correlation was also found between the phobia subscale and cardiac index. In a second sample, again, cardiac index did not correlate inversely with DEP or GSI. The phobia-cardiac index correlation was replicated but the right atrial pressure correlations were not. Combining both groups, there were significant correlations between six SCL-90R subscales (including DEP and GSI) and cardiac index. All were positive correlations, refuting the initial hypothesis and suggesting patients with the best cardiac function reported the worst psychological distress and that patients with the worst cardiac function reported the least psychological distress. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
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PMID:Correlations of cardiac function and SCL-90R in heart transplantation candidates. 189 52

In the weeks and months that follow the birth of a child, between 10 and 20 per cent of mothers experience serious or moderate symptoms of depression. This state of psychological distress affects the mother-infant interaction, and can modify the child's development in the longer term. Recent studies increasingly link these symptoms to environmental and psychosocial stress factors. The setting up of relevant and efficient prevention and promotion programs requires a better understanding of the effect of stress and social support on the mental health of mothers.
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PMID:[Post natal depression: the socio-environmental factors]. 193 14

A group of yound adults completed the Attributional Style Questionnaire and measures of depressive affect and hopelessness on two occasions separated by a time interval of three years. Attributional style was demonstrated to be relatively stable over this time period, and was correlated with the measures of psychological well-being. Specifically, those who scored highest on depressive affect and hopelessness attributed good outcomes more externally and less stably, and attributed bad outcomes to relatively more stable and global causes. In contrast to the hopelessness model of depression, however, multiple regression analyses showed that depressive attributions were not antecedent to increased psychological distress; nor were they a consequence. Furthermore, negative life-events did not contribute to the prediction. It was concluded that the data are most consonant with Brewin's (1985) symptom model, in which depressive attributions are a concomitant or symptom of depression but have no causal impact on the onset or course of the disorder.
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PMID:The stability of attributional style and its relation to psychological distress. 193 43

Numerous studies have documented the high prevalence of psychological and emotional disorders in patients seen in general medical settings. However, despite the emphasis placed on holistic approaches to nursing care in all professional models of nursing practice, much of this distress is still missed by nursing staff. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale is an easy-to-use self-administered screening instrument purportedly designed to detect psychological distress amongst hospitalized patients with physical illnesses. On using the HAD scale on patients admitted to a coronary care ward of a district general hospital, 44% were found to be suffering high levels of anxiety or depression. This figure is consistent with the results of similar studies in other cardiac wards and out-patient clinics. In most cases, the levels of distress found were not sufficiently severe to warrant seeking specialist psychiatric support. Instead, there is much that the general nurse can do to alleviate the understandable fears and worries of patients being treated for cardiac disease. However, to respond appropriately, nursing staff must be able to identify psychological distress in patients. The HAD scale, if it can be validated in cardiac in-patient settings, provides an instrument which could easily become part of the routine assessment of patients' nursing needs.
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PMID:The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity on a coronary care ward. 193 20

The use of psychotropic drugs in general has become more extended in the past 20 years. The elderly, particularly geriatric inpatients, are the group with the highest consumption. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in two groups of elderly, hospitalized patients (H) vs. nonhospitalized subjects (nH), psychotropic drug consumption related to psychological distress. This was carried out in a total 238 subjects aged above 65 years (112 geriatric inpatients and 126 interviewed in social welfare centers). Sociodemographic, clinical and pharmacological data, general health and psychological distress were evaluated. The latter was assessed by means of the Symptom Distress Checklist (SCL-90) which included 9 subscales. 23% of the subjects received psychotropic drugs (P), of which 84% were benzodiazepines, 10% antidepressants and 1.5% antipsychotics. After evaluating the SCL-90 subscales, it was noted that anxiety, depression and obsessiveness/compulsiveness scored higher in P subjects than in those not receiving psychotropic drugs (nP). When treated nH and H were analyzed separately, it was observed that the former scored higher in anxiety and depression, while the latter showed higher scores in anxiety and obsessiveness/compulsiveness. Considered globally, the H group compared to nH showed higher scores in depression. Although evaluating psychotropic drug utilization in geriatric patients is complex due to the large number of influencing factors, SCL-90 has proved to be useful for assessing the qualitative aspects of this drug consumption in the elderly.
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PMID:Evaluation of psychotropic drug consumption related to psychological distress in the elderly: hospitalized vs. nonhospitalized. 198 Jul 27

Previous studies have noted high rates of stealing behavior in patients with eating disorders. To assess the significance of stealing in eating disordered patients, the authors compared the eating and purging behavior, levels of psychologic symptomatology, and alcohol use of 181 eating disordered patients with and without a history of stealing. Overall, the patients with a history of stealing had significantly more dysfunctional eating and purging behavior. Those patients with a history of stealing reported significantly more psychological distress including more depression, interpersonal sensitivity, obsessive compulsive behavior, and hostility. The authors conclude that stealing behavior should be assessed in patients with eating disorders as a history of stealing may define a subgroup of more severely impaired patients.
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PMID:Stealing in eating disordered patients. 200 74

The development of the Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire (TRQ), a scale designed to assess the psychological distress associated with tinnitus, is described. Psychometric analyses of the TRQ are examined with a total of 156 subjects in three separate samples. The results indicate very good test-retest reliability (r = .88) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .96). Factor analysis yielded four factors that were interpreted as General Distress, Interference, Severity, and Avoidance. Moderate to high correlations were found between the TRQ and clinician ratings (r = .67) and self-report measures of anxiety and depression (r = .58-.87), but a low correlation was found with neuroticism (r = .27). It is concluded that the TRQ provides a useful index of distress related to tinnitus for subject selection and clinical assessment and has potential as a measure of change in coping ability.
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PMID:Tinnitus reaction questionnaire: psychometric properties of a measure of distress associated with tinnitus. 200 74


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