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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 1984, questionnaires were sent to members of the International Psycho-Oncology Society concerning the practice in their country with regard to revealing the diagnosis of cancer to patients, their opinion about the effect of their policy, and their impression of local trends and attitudes toward cancer. Data from 90 respondents from 20 countries revealed that use of the word "cancer" was often avoided in discussions with the patient. Words commonly substituted for cancer were those that implied a "swelling" (e.g., tumor, growth, lump), and "inflammation," or a pathophysiologic change (blood disease, precancerous, unclean tissue). Oncologists estimated that a low percentage (less than 40%) of their colleagues revealed the word cancer in Africa, France, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Panama, Portugal, and Spain. Oncologists from Austria, Denmark Finland, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland, estimated the percentage to be high (greater than 80%). However, in all countries, the majority of physicians tell the family the diagnosis. The majority (90%) reported a trend toward increased telling of the diagnosis, due to greater patient information and expectations, and increased physician openess in using the word cancer. Most (68%) felt that the overall effect of revealing the diagnosis was positive. While emotional distress was transiently greater when patients were told, there were positive effects concerning coping, compliance, tolerance of treatment, planning for future, communication with physicians and others, and improved prognosis. The transient negative effects were depression, anxiety, and anger. It is important to recognize that efforts to find the "correct" position about revealing or concealing cancer diagnosis must recognize that the language between doctor and patient is constrained by cultural norms. Communication is likely to be far less dependent upon the specific words used then upon the meaning that is conveyed by the doctor.
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PMID:An international survey of physician attitudes and practice in regard to revealing the diagnosis of cancer. 360 72

Cognitive approaches to emotional distress posit that specific cognitive factors are critically linked to the etiology, course, or treatment of dysfunction. Although a number of empirical studies have assessed cognitive factors in emotional disorders such as depression and anxiety, research has yet to assess these variables simultaneously and with identical cognitive measures. Using depression and test anxiety as models of dysfunctional affective states, we examined cognitive specificity on measures of information processing, attributions, automatic thinking, and cognitive interference. Results indicated a pattern of specificity showing several differences and similarities in depression and anxiety. Specifically, "purely" depressed individuals showed evidence of selectively processing depressive information, making dysfunctional attributions, and engaging in more negative automatic thinking. "Purely" anxious individuals, on the other hand, showed evidence of selective anxious information processing and increased cognitive interference. Results are discussed in terms of a taxonomy for classifying depressive and anxious cognition.
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PMID:Cognitive specificity in emotional distress. 368 49

This study of 33 normal adult males investigated the nature of relationships between plasma cortisol levels and depression. Both plasma cortisol levels and responses to the Dexamethasone Suppression Test (DST) have been shown to be associated with clinical depression. However, relatively few studies have investigated the utility of either plasma cortisol measures or the DST for evaluating emotional distress in subjects without demonstrable psychiatric morbidity. The results of this study suggest that the traditional DST has little discriminatory power when used with psychologically healthy subjects. Conversely, plasma cortisol was shown to be positively correlated with clinical personality characteristics associated with emotional distress, particularly depression. These data suggest the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal irregularities are not only associated with clinical psychopathology but may also be related to emotional reactivity in normal, asymptomatic individuals.
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PMID:Plasma cortisol, the dexamethasone suppression test and depression in normal adult males. 373 75

We carried out a case-controlled study of multiple psychological and social factors in 49 men with complicated or uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease. Thirty-two men with renal stones or gallstones and 20 healthy men served as controls. Ulcer patients and controls experienced a similar number of potentially stressful life events. However, ulcer patients perceived their events more negatively (p less than 0.05). Ulcer patients also had significantly more personality disturbances than controls, although no one type of "ulcer personality" was found consistently. Some ulcer patients tended to be hypochondriacal complainers, overly pessimistic, and excessively dependent. Other personality disturbances were also more common in ulcer patients (e.g., immaturity, impulsivity, and feelings of social isolation and alienation). Ulcer patients had significantly lower ego strength and they had fewer friends and relatives whom they felt they could call upon in times of crisis. Finally, ulcer patients exhibited significantly more emotional distress in the form of depression and anxiety. Hypochondriasis, a negative perception of their life events, dependency, and lowered ego strength were the four variables that best discriminated ulcer patients from controls. This controlled study demonstrates a strong association between life events stress, psychosocial factors, and peptic ulcer disease.
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PMID:Life events stress and psychosocial factors in men with peptic ulcer disease. A multidimensional case-controlled study. 377 Mar 62

Visiting a physician for evaluation of a breast problem which could be cancer is often assumed to be a highly stressful experience. This study evaluates the degree of emotional distress in women about to undergo examination for signs or symptoms of breast disease. Three hundred twenty-two women who attended the Breast Problem Clinic of the Wisconsin Clinical Cancer Center were studied. Each patient completed standard self-administered psychologic tests to evaluate mood disturbance (Profile of Mood States [POMS]) and responsibility taken for overall health care (Health Locus of Control [HLCS]). Results of these tests were compared to control populations of normal college women and female psychiatric outpatients. The women seen in the Breast Problem Clinic were significantly less distressed on POMS subscales which measure depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion than both psychiatric outpatients and normal college women (P less than 0.001). A second group of 17 women who were seen in the hospital 24 to 48 hours before definitive breast cancer surgery were also studied. Women evaluated as inpatients before breast cancer surgery were more distressed than the women attending the outpatient clinic on most POMS subscales, but were not clearly different from normal college women. No differences between the groups were seen for the HLCS. These data indicate that emotional distress among women attending a breast problem clinic is not extraordinary, but that emotional distress heightens when the diagnosis of breast cancer is known.
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PMID:Psychological distress among women with breast problems. 394 21

The psychological health and labour market commitment of 1150 unemployed 17-year-olds in 11 urban areas of England were examined. Distress levels were significantly higher than among comparable employed samples, and symptoms had usually commenced after the onset of unemployment. Unemployed black respondents (of Afro-Caribbean descent) were found to exhibit significantly lower levels of distress and depression than whites. However, no differences were recorded between black and white respondents in respect of anxiety, financial strain and concern over being unemployed. Commitment to the labour market was significantly greater among white males than black males, perhaps because the latter have responded realistically to their disadvantaged labour market position. However, ethnic differences in commitment were generally absent in the case of females. Length of time out of work was unrelated to affective well-being and employment commitment in both ethnic groups, but job search attitudes were significantly less positive among respondents who had been unemployed for longer periods.
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PMID:The experience of unemployment among black and white urban teenagers. 397 57

The association between psychological and gynaecological problems has long been recognised and has recently received empirical support. The association of gynaecological symptoms with anxiety and depression was investigated. One hundred and two women referred to a gynaecology clinic, for non-malignant problems likely to result in hysterectomy, were assessed. A scale of gynaecological symptoms was constructed using principal component analysis. The Kellner-Sheffield Self-Rating Scale of Distress and the Zung Self-Rating Scale of Depression were also used. The depression measure correlated with complaints of heavy bleeding, flooding and clotting. The anxiety measure correlated with the complaint of long-standing painful menstruation. Anxiety and depression levels were significantly greater in this group than in an age-related population sample of women taken from the same city. It is argued that the use of such a scale of gynaecological symptoms might aid prediction of psychological difficulty in those presenting with certain gynaecological complaints.
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PMID:Gynaecological symptoms and psychological distress in potential hysterectomy patients. 400 16

A study was made in 2 consecutive years of the emotional states and morning and afternoon serum levels of prolactin, cortisol and testosterone of male medical students during a 4- to 5-week period preceding a major university examination. 'Distress', 'anxiety' and, to a lesser degree, 'depression' increased during the 2 weeks immediately preceding the examination and were positively correlated with personality anxiety or neuroticism traits. Group means for hormones showed no consistent change over the same period. Neither was there evidence for a correlation between endocrine and emotional changes within individual students during the pre-examination period. A restricted study showed that there were significant increments in cortisol in samples taken during the examination itself. Changes in emotional state before an examination occurred in the absence of equally dramatic changes in levels of the three hormones studied, though this relationship may have altered during the examination itself. This suggests that the factors controlling the two categories of response may relate differently, in some way, to the imminence of this stressful event.
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PMID:Dissociation between emotional and endocrine responses preceding an academic examination in male medical students. 406 74

The Millon Behavioral Health Inventory (MBHI) is one of only a few diagnostic instruments designed specifically for psychological evaluations of medical patients. However, despite being available for clinical use for several years, there are virtually no published research evaluations of this inventory. The present study evaluated the MBHI in light of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores and treatment outcomes of 52 chronic pain patients. MBHI scales were highly correlated with admission and denial of psychopathology, as well as emotional distress, but had little relationship to Hs and Hy of the MMPI. The Pain Treatment Responsivity scale (PP), Allergic Inclination scale (MM), and MMPI D scale predicted the outcome of pain treatment at comparable levels. The specificity of the MBHI scales seems questionable in that 10 of 19 intercorrelations between PP and other MBHI scales were between 0.70 and 0.86. A stepwise regression procedure did not select PP among MBHI variables used to predict treatment outcomes. Results were interpreted as supporting cautious clinical use with pain patients until further research has been carried out.
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PMID:The Millon Behavioral Health Inventory: concurrent and predictive validity in a pain treatment center. 408 87

In a study of the psychological consequences of myocardial infarction on 65 wives of husbands admitted to a coronary care unit feelings of loss, depression, and guilt were common at the time of infarction. Many wives (38%) found the period of convalescence after discharge very stressful, attributing this to fears of a recurrent infarct and marital tension owing to their husbands' increased irritability and dependency. These anxieties and tensions gradually diminished and at one year after the initial illness only eight wives whose husbands had made a good physical recovery still showed considerable psychological disturbance. It is suggested that unnecessary emotional distress, particularly in the initial period after discharge from hospital, can be alleviated by increased help and support from the hospital and family doctor.
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PMID:Psychological stress in wives of patients with myocardial infarction. 470 Feb 99


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