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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A sample of 655 women was contacted whilst attending general practitioners' surgeries and questioned on numerous health and social matters. Follow-up interviews were held a year later in the women's homes and information on drinking behaviour and problems with drinking obtained. Almost 15% of the sample could be classified as problem drinkers on the basis of their responses to a 'problems with drinking' scale. Seven major variables were identified as being associated with problem drinking amongst these women. These included familial history of heavy drinking, depression, stress level, major life changes, reported alcohol consumption, usual type of leisure activities and abuse of substances such as coffee and tobacco which can result in dependency. Likelihood of problem drinking increased substantially with the number of adverse factors reported. It was concluded that knowledge of these factors would help the general practitioner in the identification of women with alcohol problems.
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PMID:Alcohol problems among women working in the home: prevalence and predictors. 658 Aug 94

To investigate the tension reduction hypothesis of alcohol use in the natural environment and with several forms of tension, 36 heavy social drinking young men kept daily records of their drinking, anxiety, unhappiness, and anger for 3 months and for 1 month from 6 to 7 months from the start of the study. No significant correlations were found between the frequency and intensity of any of the daily moods and drinking rates or intoxication frequency, either concurrently or within a few days or weeks. Drinking was also unrelated to general trait anxiety, depression, stressful life experiences, and locus of control. However, trait social anxiety had a consistent but unexpected relationship to drinking--the less socially anxious the men were, the more they drank over time. Drinking and/or intoxication rates were also related to having more social supports and to traditionally masculine interests. The results cast doubt on the tension reduction hypothesis and suggest that having a strong social group and indifference to the social consequences of intoxication are more important predictors of heavy drinking rates in young social drinking men.
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PMID:Social anxiety, daily moods, and alcohol use over time among heavy social drinking men. 718 Jun 28

It has been suggested that if a person's sexual orientation is unconventional, their nonsexual psychological problems will be construed in sexual terms to a marked degree. An experiment is described in which undergraduates read a case study of a man troubled by depression, catastrophizing, heavy drinking, and other maladaptive behavior not obviously related to his sexuality. Half the subjects were told that the patient had had several extramarital affairs, exclusively with men; the others, affairs exclusively with women. Blind content analyses of subject responses revealed that when the man was described as having had homosexual involvements, he was more likely to receive a diagnosis of sexual deviation or have his nonsexual diagnosis justified on the basis of homosexuality, more likely to have his sexual or marital life investigated, and more likely to have his sexuality construed as important in the etiology of his nonsexual psychological problems. The authors' analogue findings confirm cautions voiced by previous researchers regarding predictable distortions to which clinicians may be susceptible in their interpretation of patient problems when homosexuality is part of the patient's past or present life-style.
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PMID:Sexual orientation stereotypy in the distortion of clinical judgment. 734 65

General population surveys suggest that the percentage of US women who drink declined slightly during the 1980s. Comparisons of 1981 and 1991 national surveys using the same drinking measures show that fewer women drank heavily in 1991, and women drinkers drank less frequently and had fewer episodes of heavy drinking, although younger drinkers reported more frequent intoxication. Longitudinal analyses of 5-year changes in drinking behavior indicate that movement both into and out of problem drinking is greatest among women aged 21 to 34. Subgroups of women with elevated rates of heavy drinking and/or adverse drinking consequences include younger women; women lacking social roles or occupying unwanted social statuses; women in nontraditional jobs; cohabiting women; and ethnic minority women experiencing rapid acculturation. Risks of heavy and/or problem drinking are also greater among women with a heavy-drinking husband or partner; depression; sexual dysfunction; or violent victimization in childhood or adulthood. Future research should focus on (1) the causes and consequences of recent declines in women's drinking; (2) antecedents and consequences of specific patterns of multiple substance use in women; (3) social and relational contexts of women's drinking, including occupational influences, drinking behavior of significant others, sexual dysfunction, and relationship violence; (4) longitudinal predictors of both problem drinking onset and "spontaneous" remission of women's alcohol problems; and (5) childhood sexual abuse as a potentially powerful risk factor for later alcohol abuse in women.
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PMID:Drinking and problem drinking in US women. Patterns and recent trends. 762 49

Relatively little is known about midlife suicides, compared to adolescent and elderly suicides. A life-span model of suicidal behaviors is suggested as a heuristic conceptual tool. General midlife tasks and crises, as outlined by Levinson and Erikson, are reviewed. However, more than routine midlife developmental problems occur in most suicides. Some of the possible distinctive traits of midlife suicides (versus younger and older suicides) include: loss of spouse, years of heavy drinking, reaching the age of high depression risk, and occupational problems (including unemployment, inability to work, and retirement). Midlife suicide rates tend to be highest among white males, although female suicide rates peak in midlife. The paper concludes with a review of assessment and treatment issues related to a half-dozen high-risk midlife suicide types.
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PMID:Suicide prevention in adults (age 30-65). 763 70

The rate of depressive symptoms among alcoholics is high, but many of these syndromes appear to be alcohol-induced mood disorders and might not represent major depressive episodes independent of heavy drinking. The present study examines one aspect of the relationship between alcoholism and depression by evaluating the incidence of new episodes of major depressive disorders among alcohol-dependent men during the year following treatment. One year following discharge from an alcohol treatment program, structured face-to-face interviews were carried out with 239 primary alcoholic men, as well as additional informants. Approximately 4% of the men developed depressive episodes while drinking heavily, but only 2.1% demonstrated major depressions independent of heavy alcohol intake. There was no evidence of an increased incidence of any other major psychiatric disorder during the year of follow-up. These results are consistent with prospective studies of children of alcoholics and of longitudinal evaluations of general population samples. They do not indicate that in the present sample most primary alcohol-dependent men have elevated rates for major depressive disorders independent of alcohol-induced mood syndromes. However, it is likely that in the context of heavy drinking severe, although temporary, depressive episodes are likely to be observed.
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PMID:One-year incidence rate of major depression and other psychiatric disorders in 239 alcoholic men. 802 2

Previous research has shown that interpersonal conflict and depression are cross-sectionally associated with hostility. Our objective was to determine whether hostility is longitudinally predictive of interpersonal distress and depression and to replicate previous research that suggests that hostility is a risk factor for other health behaviors (e.g., smoking and excessive alcohol use) and psychosocial health problems. We use data from the youngest generation of a three-generation, 11-year follow-up study of Mexican Americans, that represent 251 Mexican Americans between the ages of 18 and 42 years. Our indicator of hostility was the irritability subscale from the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. After statistically controlling for marital status, language acculturation, education, age, and sex, irritability was found to predict subsequent heavy drinking, somatic symptoms associated with depression, psychosomatic symptoms, infectious disease, divorce, marital separation, ending a serious nonmarital relationship, not being married at the follow-up, and more negative feelings associated with divorce, marital separation, and ending a serious relationship. Our research supports theory and research suggesting that hostility is predictive of physical symptoms, poor health habits, and interpersonal conflict.
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PMID:A test of the psychosocial vulnerability and health behavior models of hostility: results from an 11-year follow-up study of Mexican Americans. 860 Apr 84

The aims of this study were (1) to comprehensively characterize a population of alcoholics with major depression in a psychiatric hospital, (2) to determine the prevalence of suicidal behavior in this sample, and (3) to determine whether quantity of alcohol ingested was associated with level of suicidality. Ratings of drinking, depression, and suicidality were obtained using both self-rated and observer-rated instruments. The prevalence of suicide attempts in the week before hospitalization was remarkably high, approaching 40%, whereas 70% had made a suicide attempt at some point in their lifetime. These suicide attempts were typically impulsive in nature, involving little if any premeditation. Most subjects reported drinking more heavily than usual on the day of their suicide attempt. Recent suicidal behavior was significantly associated with recent very heavy drinking (< or = 70 drinks per week) and with number of drinks per drinking day. Quantity of drinking per drinking day was also significantly higher in those making a recent suicide attempt. However, no association was found between quantity of alcohol consumption and suicidal ideation. These findings suggest that recent heavy alcohol use primarily affects suicidality by increasing the likelihood of acting on suicidal ideation rather than by inducing suicidal ideation.
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PMID:Patterns of suicidality and alcohol use in alcoholics with major depression. 894 24

Marlatt's system for classifying relapses involves integrating information about the context of a relapse into a judgment about the most critical aspects of the situation. Constraints in this taxonomy, however, may limit its validity. On a sample of 300 subjects drawn from six treatment facilities, we compared the predictive validity of Marlatt's taxonomy with that of a coding scheme with fewer constraints. Marlatt's taxonomy does not significantly predict drinking outcome, nor does it predict time to relapse. There is weak evidence, however, that under some circumstances Marlatt's taxonomy can predict the type of relapse subsequently observed. The alternative coding system also does not seem useful for predicting drinking outcome, although a possible association was found between internal attribution and time to return to heavy drinking. The alternative system does seem to be able to detect repetitive aspects of subsequent relapse situations; lack of social interactions, family setting, anxiety and depression were most likely to repeat. It may be useful to consider these relapse attributes in treatment planning. The minimal predictive validity for both the Marlatt and the alternative relapse code may be due to weaknesses in the relatively unstructured interview used to gather the data, or to failure to assess the most critical dimensions relating to subsequent relapse.
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PMID:Predictive validity of Marlatt's relapse taxonomy versus a more general relapse code. 899 84

In an attempt to characterize differences among male and female smokers based on past and current alcohol use, we studied patterns of drinking, smoking, caffeine intake, and depression as a function of lifetime history of alcohol dependence and current drinking status in a community sample of current smokers. Subjects were 65 male and 152 female moderate-to-heavy smokers. The CAGE was used to screen for lifetime history of alcohol dependence; current drinking status was classified using self-reported number of alcoholic drinks/week. No significant differences were detected for smoking rate, scores on the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, or either coffee or total caffeine intake. Drinkers with a history of alcohol dependence drank significantly more per week than drinkers with no history, with significant gender differences and interaction effects emerging as well; the phenomenon was particularly pronounced in men. Drinkers of both genders with a history of alcohol dependence scored significantly higher on the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale, with means exceeding the cutoff of 16 associated with clinical depression. Since comorbidity of depression and alcohol dependence is known to exert a detrimental effect on ability to stop smoking, the number of individuals at risk for smoking cessation treatment failure may be much larger than might be inferred from data based on psychiatric assessments or collected in inpatient settings. Routine screening for depressive symptomatology combined with heavy alcohol use in primary care settings may therefore be helpful in identifying smokers in need of more intensive stop-smoking interventions.
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PMID:Self-reported alcohol use patterns in a sample of male and female heavy smokers. 924 36


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