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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Depression and anxiety have been reported to be commonly associated with alcoholism. Most attempts to clarify this relationship have suffered from a patient selection bias in that only those alcoholics who sought treatment were studied. The authors performed quantitative measurements of depression and anxiety in a group of 48 men referred for treatment solely on the basis of excessive drinking. The prevalence of depression and anxiety as measured by both the Zung and Hamilton scales was lower than that shown in previous studies. The results of this study indicate that problems in young, healthy male alcoholics.
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PMID:The quantitative measurement of depression and anxiety in male alcoholics. 42 47

Many drugs are used in alcoholism treatment with the aim of reducing alcohol consumption and correcting alcohol-related psychosocial problems that lead to excessive drinking or result from it. Alcohol-sensitising drugs are used to reduce alcohol consumption with the expectation that improvement in other problem areas will follow. Drugs that share sedative-hypnotic actions with and cross-dependence to alcohol are often used during acute alcohol withdrawal reactions for symptomatic relief, to prevent major withdrawal symptoms, and to prevent and treat seizures. Alcohol abuse may be a form of self-medication, and treatment of an underlying psychiatric disorder, such as depression (with antidepressants), anxiety (with anxiolytics) or psychosis (with antipsychotics), is expected to reduce alcohol consumption. Pretreatment medical and psychiatric assessment of the patient is necessary to ensure that the drug therapy is appropriate to the patient's therapeutic goals and medical/psychological status. Use of the drug must be systematic and carefully monitored; the duration of treatment is determined individually for each patient on the basis of the response to the treatment as well by the development of adverse clinical effects. Ideally, the drug therapy allows the patient to establish resources necessary for continued abstinence after the drug treatment is stopped.
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PMID:The role of drugs in the treatment of alcoholism. 636 6

Several psychiatric topics have been under recent investigation. Cerebral impairment is now known to occur in over half of alcoholic patients. Its improvement with abstinence and its interference with the considerable intellectual and volitional requirements needed by controlled drinking programmes point to abstinence as the necessary drinking goal when brain damage is suspected. A hereditary element to alcohol dependence has been suggested by several adoption and twin studies, but the many contradictions between research results emphasise that any genetic contribution is overshadowed by socio-cultural factors. Depression and anxiety are frequent accompaniments of alcoholism but are shown by investigations usually as results rather than causes of excessive drinking. The onset of depression with suicidal ideas secondary to alcoholism has been sensitively described, and attention drawn to its identification, potential risk, and prevention. Long-term drug treatments are little used at present, but several developments are feasible. They include an effective long-acting chemical deterrent; drugs to protect against organic damage; sobering agents; immunotherapy; chemical reversal of the neuroadaptive changes responsible for physical dependence; drugs to counteract dysphoria and craving produced by alcohol; pharmacological modification of reflex behaviour; and drugs for the abstinence syndrome and for mood disturbance that are not themselves liable to misuse of dependence. Finally, it is suggested that the syndrome of pathological intoxication is a fictitious state that should be discarded from the descriptive literature.
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PMID:Psychiatric advances in the understanding and treatment of alcohol dependence. 639 77

A number of 14-16 year old Finnish adolescents taking part in the School Health Promotion Study (n=8787 in 1995, n=17643 in 1997) were surveyed about bullying and victimization in relation to psychosomatic symptoms, depression, anxiety, eating disorders and substance use. A total of 9 per cent of girls and 17 per cent of boys were involved in bullying on a weekly basis. Anxiety, depression and psychosomatic symptoms were most frequent among bully-victims and equally common among bullies and victims. Frequent excessive drinking and use of any other substance were most common among bullies and thereafter among bully-victims. Among girls, eating disorders were associated with involvement in bullying in any role, among boys with being bully-victims. Bullying should be seen as an indicator of risk of various mental disorders in adolescence.
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PMID:Bullying at school--an indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders. 1116 31

Data are sparse regarding the impact of psychosocial work stress on the health and well-being of aging workers, even for employees working in high-stress occupations, such as law enforcement. To improve our understanding of this issue in older workers, we assessed and characterized work stress, coping strategies, and stress-related health outcomes in a sample of police officers aged 50 years and older (n = 105). The most important risk factors associated with officers' perceived work stress were maladaptive coping behaviors (e.g., excessive drinking or problem gambling) (odds ratio [OR], 4.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.11 to 11.6) and exposure to critical incidents (e.g., shootings) (OR, 3.84; 95% CI, 1.71 to 8.65). In turn, perceived work stress was significantly associated with anxiety (OR, 6.84; 95% CI, 2.81 to 16.65), depression (OR, 9.27; 95% CI, 3.81 to 22.54), somatization (OR, 5.74; 95% CI, 2.47 to 13.33), posttraumatic stress symptoms (OR, 2.89; 95% CI, 1.29 to 6.47), symptoms of "burnout" (OR, 5.93; 95% CI, 2.54 to 13.86), chronic back pain (OR, = 3.55; 95% CI, 1.57 to 8.06), alcohol abuse (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 1.45 to 7.22), and inappropriately aggressive behavior (OR, 4.00; 95% CI, 1.34 to 11.88). These data suggest that older workers in high-stress jobs may be at increased risk for work stress-related health problems, especially if they rely on risky health behaviors to cope with stress. Given the size of the rapidly aging US workforce and the likelihood that many are employed in high-stress jobs, interventions are urgently needed to address this emerging public health issue.
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PMID:Work stress in aging police officers. 1185 Dec 17

Research performed during the past 20 years has shown that serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) neurotransmission is related to alcohol dependence. Both theoretical and empirical research have supported the idea that alcohol dependence is a chronic disease and that, in addition, biological vulnerabilities contribute to the pathogenesis of alcohol dependence. Preclinical studies have consistently demonstrated that there is a relationship between 5-HT function and alcohol consumption. Furthermore, there is evidence building that lends support for the existence of distinct alcoholic subtypes that may be differentiated by the type or complexity of their 5-HT dysfunction. Beyond excessive drinking, behaviors that are indicators of 5-HT dysregulation are depression, anxiety, impulsiveness, and early-onset problem drinking. This chapter will discuss the usefulness of 5-HT-selective pharmacotherapy in treating alcohol dependence and will provide both historical and current perspectives on its use.
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PMID:The status of serotonin-selective pharmacotherapy in the treatment of alcohol dependence. 1263 41

The tragic life of Vincent van Gogh is summarized, emphasizing his early departure from formal education, failure as a successful salesman in the art world, attempt at religious studies, difficulty with female and family relationships, return to the art world, and tendencies toward extremes of poor nutrition or near self-starvation and excessive drinking and smoking. In Paris he joined the Impressionists, but drank very heavily both absinthe and cognac. Southward he went to Arles and was joined by Paul Gauguin, with whom he had major personality problems, causing van Gogh to cut off part of his left ear. He experienced paranoid ideation and confinement in mental institutions in Arles, and then returned to Paris and onto Auvers-sur-Oise, where he committed suicide at age 37. Possible physical diagnoses include glaucoma, Meniere's disease, acute intermittent porphyria, and chronic lead poisoning, but these diagnoses seem unlikely. Possible psychiatric diagnoses include borderline personality disorder, anxiety-depressive disorder with episodes of depression and hypomania, and also paranoid schizophrenia. Van Gogh did not have spontaneous seizures and, therefore, did not have epilepsy. Before he began to drink heavily, when he was near starvation, he had "fainting fits," and after drinking, especially absinthe, a convulsant drug, he continued to have similar attacks. His episodes of unconsciousness can be well explained by chronic malnutrition and alcohol abuse, only possibly exacerbated by drinking large quantities of absinthe. Although van Gogh is an excellent example of the Geschwind syndrome, at times associated with temporal lobe epilepsy, this fact does not establish such an epilepsy. Thus, the syndrome is an orphan without the parent condition.
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PMID:A reappraisal of the possible seizures of Vincent van Gogh. 1590 45

According to the Indian Health Service, substance abuse and Type 2 diabetes are serious problems among Native Americans. To assess substance use in a medical setting, valid screening tests are needed so the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a simple brief screen for excessive drinking, and the CAGE-adapted to Include Drugs (CAGE-AID) for identifying primary care patients with alcohol and drug disorders were given 50 Northern Plains American Indians with diabetes. Both are short, easy to administer, have good sensitivity and specificity, and can be easily incorporated into a medical history protocol or intake procedure. Reliability coefficients were above .90 and appeared to have sufficient concurrent and divergent validity indicated by moderate correlations with the General Well-being Schedule (rs=-.39 and -.36), the Family-Adaptation, Partnership, Growth, Affection, & Resolve (r =-.47 and -.36), and the Beck Depression Inventory-IT (r = .36 and .29).
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PMID:Validity and reliability of the audit and CAGE-AID in Northern Plains American Indians. 1627 20

The study investigates excessive drinking and associations with other problem behaviours in 2078 school students aged 14-16 years in seven London secondary schools. Using a cross-sectional design, a self-completion questionnaire assessed lifetime and recent (past month) alcohol and drug consumption, attitudes to alcohol use education, alcohol-related problems, psychological problems, educational aspirations, truancy, and delinquent behaviour. Excessive drinking was operationally defined as 10 or more units of alcohol per drinking occasion. At least one episode of excessive drinking was reported by 32% of the sample, with 10% reporting five or more episodes. Excessive drinking was positively associated with frequency of cigarette smoking, use of cannabis, positive attitudes towards illicit drugs, low educational aspirations, higher depression scores, frequent truancy, and involvement in delinquent behaviours. Excessive drinking is a problematic behaviour in its own right but it is also a marker for other problem behaviours, including illicit drug misuse and delinquency. Understanding and responding to alcohol misuse among adolescents requires attention to psychological, social and developmental factors other than alcohol consumption alone.
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PMID:Excessive drinking and other problem behaviours among 14-16 year old schoolchildren. 1644 42

Six patients suffering from primary affective illness and habitual excessive drinking, who had not responded to tricyclic antidepressant and/or electroconvulsive therapy, were treated with a combined diuretic-tricyclic (furosemide-amitriptyline) regimen. The patients acted as their own control. Four patients, two unipolars and two bipolars, had complete remissions, while the other two patients with chronic depression showed symptomatic improvement. The implications of sodium retention for the pathogenesis of depression and alcoholism are discussed and a hypothetical positive feedback system which maintains depression and alcoholism in alcoholic depressives is proposed.
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PMID:Diuretic-antidepressant combination in alcoholic depressives--preliminary findings. 1789 3


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