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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Children with pure depression or depression plus an anxiety-related disorder (n = 14) had a higher drug response rate (57%) and a lower placebo response rate (20%) when compared to children with depression plus a concomitant conduct or oppositional disorder (n = 17) (33% drug response rate and 67% placebo response rate). These findings could explain why studies of prepubertal-onset depression found no differences between drug and placebo treatment assuming that a large percentage of the studies' subjects had concomitant conduct or oppositional disorders. The children with pure depression or depression plus an anxiety-related disorder had different symptom clusters from those with depression plus a concomitant conduct or oppositional disorder. The former had more severe CDRS ratings on sleep, appetite disturbance, depressed feelings, and psychomotor retardation. In contrast, those with a concomitant conduct or oppositional disorder had shorter attention spans and were more likely to disturb other children (based on Conners scale scores).
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PMID:The effect of concomitant disorders in childhood depression on predicting treatment response. 223 62

Data are presented on risk factors for childhood psychopathology derived from a study of an island-wide probability sample of children in Puerto Rico aged 4 through 16 years. Analyses estimated the effects of 12 demographic, health, and family variables on the probability of being a "case," using two different operational definitions of caseness, as well as on the probability of receiving the diagnoses of oppositional disorder, attention deficit disorder, separation anxiety, depression, functional enuresis, and adjustment disorder. When compared to other findings, the results from these analyses indicate that the relationship between maladjustment and the risk factors evaluated does not appear to be culturally specific.
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PMID:Risk factors for maladjustment in Puerto Rican children. 280 53

Parent questionnaires from large Australian (N = 2093) and American (N = 500) clinic cohorts of adolescents were used to diagnose depression, attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, and oppositional and conduct disorders. Co-occurrence of diagnoses was very high. Comorbidity between depression and conduct disorder was not higher than that expected for any psychiatric disorder (odds ratios = 1.20 and 1.45 respectively for each cohort) while comorbidity between attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity and oppositional disorder was higher than expected (odds ratios = 7.03 and 9.02) but comparable to that between conduct and oppositional disorder (odds ratios = 7.35 and 6.14). Co-occurrence of depression with other disorders did not increase the likelihood of comorbid conduct disorder.
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PMID:Comorbidity between disruptive disorders and depression in referred adolescents. 806 55

This article describes the development and evaluation of the revised Ontario Child Health Study (OCHS) scales to measure conduct disorder, oppositional disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, overanxious disorder, separation anxiety and depression based on DSM-III-R symptom criteria. Problem checklist assessments were obtained from parents and teachers of children aged 6-16 and youths aged 12-16 drawn from: (1) a general population sample (N = 1751); and (2) a mental health clinic sample (N = 1027) in the same industrialized, urban setting. Evaluation of the revised OCHS scales indicates that they possess adequate psychometric properties and provide an efficient means to obtain measurements of childhood psychiatric disorder, in general population studies, that correspond to DSM-III-R classification of disorder.
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PMID:Evaluation of the revised Ontario Child Health Study scales. 844 92

Primary socialization theory proposes that drug use and deviant behaviors emerge from interactions with the primary socialization sources--the family, the school, and peer clusters. The theory further postulates that the individual's personal characteristics and personality traits do not directly relate to drug use and deviance, but, in nearly all cases, influence those outcomes only when they affect the interactions between the individual and the primary socialization sources. Interpretation of research results from the point of view of primary socialization theory suggests the following: 1) Characteristics such as depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem are related to drug use and deviance only when they have strong effects on the primary socialization process, i.e., among younger children; 2) Traits such as anger, aggression, and sensation seeking are related to drug use and deviance because these traits are more likely to influence the primary socialization process at all ages; 3) The psychopathologies that are least likely to interfere with bonding with prosocial socialization sources, the anxieties and most of the affective disorders, are less likely to have comorbidity drug dependence; and 4) Psychopathologies such as oppositional disorder, conduct disorder, attention deficit disorder, and antisocial personality are more likely to interfere with primary socialization, and the literature shows that these syndromes are also most likely to have a dual diagnosis with drug dependency.
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PMID:Primary socialization theory. The role played by personal traits in the etiology of drug use and deviance. II. 960 74

Important data about possible continuities and discontinuities of psychopathology from childhood to adulthood have been provided by findings from well scheduled prospective longitudinal studies of community-based samples. Findings from clinical populations have contributed as well. This presentation relies on data from selected studies of reference. An effort is made to combine results demonstrating the extent of continuity at a more general level with those indicating continuities or discontinuities concerning disorders commonly presented in clinical practice. These disorders are those included in the internalizing (anxiety and mood disorders) and externalizing (ADHD, oppositional, conduct disorder-antisocial personality disorder) domains of psychopathology. Discontinuities do exist, however findings also suggest considerable longitudinal links between childhood-adolescence and adulthood. Reports from the Dunedin longitudinal study showed that half of those with psychiatric diagnoses at the age of 26 had met criteria for psychiatric disorder by the age of 15, and that figure approached 75% by the age of 18. Homotypic continuity is the most prominent. There are also heterotypic continuities, while homotypic and heterotypic continuities may co-occur. Among common disorders, findings suggest continuity tendencies even for anxiety disorders and for subclinical cases with obsessive and compulsive symptoms as well. Comorbidity between different anxiety disorders (strict homotypic continuity) as well as between them and depression (broad homotypic continuity) is very common. In the externalizing domain, longitudinal links between conduct disorder and antisocial personality disorder, including adverse consequences in psychosocial functioning, have been repeatedly found. Childhood onset subtype of conduct disorder is more prone to this adverse outcome, however all cases with conduct disorder need early recognition and intervention. During the course of conduct disorder, substance use is now recognized as a kind of homotypic continuity. About half of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) cases continue into adulthood. These individuals usually face problems in several aspects of their adult life, such as interpersonal relationships, educational and occupational functioning. In ADHD cases, the emergence of conduct disorder worsens the adverse outcome; therefore prevention of this complication is of significant importance for intervention. There are indications that oppositional disorder cases may be heterogeneous and that this may explain the heterotypic continuities that have been found so far. Many aspects are open to further study, particularly those concerning the possible mechanisms involved in continuities or discontinuities in various disorders. Data suggesting the extent of continuities are important for both child psychiatry and psychiatry. Attention should be focused on early intervention, services provision and cooperation. The latter is of vital importance during the transition from child to adult services.
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PMID:[Continuities and discontinuities of psychopathology from childhood to adulthood]. 2279 70