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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Twenty-five published reports were reviewed regarding the occurrence of affective illness, ie, depression and mania, in mentally retarded individuals, using the DSM-III criteria to assess the validity of both diagnoses. Individuals with mental retardation (MR) were found to manifest the full range of affective disorders. Developmentally impaired social functioning and intelligence influence the clinical presentation, but not the development, of affective symptomatology. Affective disorder diagnoses can be made for patients with all levels of MR severity. In individuals with MR of mild and moderate severity, the diagnosis can be made using standard DSM-III criteria. For those with severe and profound MR, a clinically useful diagnosis can be based on changes in behavior and vegetative functioning, as well as family history of affective illness. The psychiatrically symptomatic person with MR should always be evaluated for affective symptomatology and be considered as a candidate for the full range of treatments, including psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy with antidepressants as well as lithium carbonate.
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PMID:Do the mentally retarded suffer from affective illness? 684 21

Depression is a common disorder in old age, affecting at least 10% of individuals over 65. In older people, the relationship between depression and impaired social functioning and quality of life is complex and ill defined. Despite well-tolerated and effective treatments, many depressed individuals are undiagnosed or under-treated. The impact of depression on the quality of life (QOL) and social functioning of older people can be considerable. Furthermore, impairment of social functioning, consequent on the social isolation and functional disability that goes hand-in-hand with ageing, may be a causative factor in old age depression. Once depression develops, it may result in further narrowing of social repertoire, compounding the problem. Notwithstanding some of the difficulties in measuring social functioning and quality of life, progress has been made in defining the extent of these problems in older depressed individuals. The impact treatment of depression has on these parameters is becoming increasingly recognised and evaluated in clinical trials.
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PMID:Quality of life and social issues in older depressed patients. 981 16

This review discusses the prevalence and characteristics of depression in childhood and adolescence. Depression in this age group is a major public health concern, but is often under-recognised and dismissed as 'growing pains'. Interviewing the patient and their parents is essential for accurate diagnosis and structured interviews may be helpful. Prevalence increases with age. Risk of recurrence is high and is influenced by family conflict. Childhood onset depression has a 60-70% risk of continuing into adulthood and 20-40% develop bipolar disorder within 5 years. The nature of the disorder is affected by family history and symptoms vary with age. Comorbidity is common and influences treatment choice and long-term outcome. It is hoped that complications such as poor academic performance, impaired social functioning, and substance abuse may be prevented by early intervention.
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PMID:Depression in adolescents growing pains or true morbidity? 1115 67

Several treatment approaches are available for treatment of depression. However, reboxetine is the first selective noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor. Whereas formerly only noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitors with a mixed mechanism of action were available. These included action not only at noradrenergic, but also at serotonergic and other neurotransmitter-sites. Thus, reboxetine represents the first of a new class of antidepressant agents with specificity for the noradrenergic system. Reboxetine has been shown to be an effective first-line treatment for patients with all grades of depression, to be effective in the prevention of relapse and recurrence and to offer significant benefits in terms of relieving the impaired social functioning associated with depressive disorders. Reboxetine was significantly superior to the serotonergic compound fluoxetine in improvement of social functioning in both the general depressed population and in those patients who achieved symptomatic remission, indicating a superior quality of remission. Altogether reboxetine was well tolerated during the acute and long-term treatment phase; side-effects such as increased sweating, constipation and dry mouth were the most prominent to be reported. The availability of reboxetine represents a significant addition to the currently available pharmacologic armamentarium for the treatment of depression.
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PMID:Reboxetine: the first selective noradrenaline re-uptake inhibitor. 1124 15

Data regarding the connection between personality disorders (PDs) and impaired social functioning are often difficult to interpret because both sets of variables are influenced by depressed mood and both are usually assessed using self-report instruments. We studied PD symptoms in a nonclinical population and examined whether these symptoms are associated with social dysfunction, after controlling for current mental state. Participants were 577 undergraduate students who completed self-report measures of social functioning, PD symptoms, depression, and anxiety, as well as a peer-report PD inventory. As expected, self-reported PD scores and social dysfunction were both correlated with current levels of anxiety and depression. Both self- and peer-reported PD symptoms contributed to the prediction of level of social functioning above and beyond the influence of depressed mood. Overall, our results complement those from clinical samples and provide further evidence that there is an association between PD traits and impaired social functioning.
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PMID:Impaired social functioning and symptoms of personality disorders assessed by peer and self-report in a nonclinical population. 1248 10

We examined the relation of social problem-solving abilities to distress experienced by family members assuming a caregiving role for a loved one who had recently incurred a severe physical disability. Family members completed measures of problem-solving, depression and health, while their loved one participated in an inpatient rehabilitation programme. Correlational analyses indicated that a negative problem orientation was significantly predictive of caregiver distress, regardless of the degree of physical impairment of the care recipient. Women reported more distress on several measures than men, and disability severity was also associated with depression and impaired social functioning. Family members with a greater negative orientation may be at risk to develop psychological and health problems upon assuming a caregiver role. These results are discussed in light of theoretical models of social problem-solving, and implications are presented for psychological interventions and for health policy concerning family caregivers and their care recipients.
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PMID:Social problem-solving abilities and distress among family members assuming a caregiving role. 1280 30

This study assessed rates of imaginal exposure therapy (ET) utilization and completion of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a clinical setting and examined variables associated with CBT completion. Using a clinical definition, the completion rate of CBT was markedly lower than rates reported in randomized trials. CBT completion was inversely related to severity of overall pretreatment measures of PTSD, avoidance, hyperarousal, depression, impaired social functioning, and borderline personality disorder. Regression yielded avoidance and depression as unique predictors of completion. Most dropouts occurred before starting imaginal ET, although initiating ET was associated with greater likelihood of completion. Results highlight methodological differences between research and practice notions of treatment completion and the need for further study of variables influencing CBT completion in practice settings.
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PMID:Exposure utilization and completion of cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD in a "real world" clinical practice. 1638 29

With increasing severity, burnout corresponds to a state of significant suffering with impaired social functioning, decreased quality of life, and psychosomatic complaints. The present study investigates (a) how former patients of an inpatient clinic for burnout therapy can be grouped on the basis of their psychological characteristics and (b) whether these groups correspond to different levels of residual symptoms (depression and burnout) and general mental health. Cluster analysis of psychological characteristics was used to form groups. Four specific groups could be identified (functionals, dysfunctionals, straightforward pragmatists, unhappy altruists). This grouping, with subsequent characterization according to symptom levels, provides important information indicating possible needs for aftercare and suggests areas for improvement of previous care.
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PMID:Characterization of patients discharged from inpatient treatment for burnout: use of psychological characteristics to identify aftercare needs. 1971 25

Depression andnxiety are psychiatric conditions often associated with poor survival rate and impaired social functioning in chronic illnesses, like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality, being nowadays the fourth leading cause of mortality worldwide and the burden of this disease is increasing as the population is ageing and it is continuously exposed to risk factors. Common mechanisms for explaining the association of anxiety, depression and COPD include cigarette smoke exposure, physical inactivity, social isolation, multiple episodes of dyspnea and chronic hypoxia. BODE index and MMRC dyspnea score could be associated with anxiety and depression in COPD patients and the screening usually implies administration of simple questionnaires. Therapeutic options for anxiety include serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, which decrease the perception of dyspnea, while newer antidepressants, such as venlafaxine, duloxetine and mirtazapine are particularly useful in depression, since they do not produce respiratory depression.
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PMID:Anxiety and depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an open agenda for research. 2474 73

Depressive disorders represent a significant global health burden. By the year 2020 the contribution of psychiatric and neurological conditions to the global burden of disease is predicted to reach 15%. Despite this, depression is frequently unrecognized and undertreated; most depressed people do not seek treatment for their depression, and of those who do, most do not receive adequate treatment. Depression is a debilitating condition and the effects of the illness extend beyond the classically defined symptoms to almost every facet of an individual's life, including their social interactions; and even beyond the individual, to close relatives. The treatment of impaired social functioning has not been widely adopted as a therapeutic principle in depression, although it is recognized as an important part of the treatment of schizophrenia. However, depressed individuals experience more functional impairment than patients with other chronic medical conditions such as diabetes and hypertension. Early studies have suggested that antidepressants, in addition to improving the core symptoms of depression, are effective in the treatment of impaired social functioning; but few studies have directly compared different classes of antidepressants. This paper seeks to raise awareness of the key issues relating to the treatment of impaired social functioning in depression and to provide a basis for wider discussion of the topic prior to the establishment of treatment guidelines.
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PMID:Focus on social functioning in depression. 2492 85


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