Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The role of cognition in child development is reviewed with respect to the role of cognitive processing and cognitive deficits. Cognitive processing is discussed with respect to the self-system; the effects of psychosocial experiences; risk, vulnerability and protective mechanisms; vulnerability to depression; aetiology and treatment of depression. Cognitive deficits are discussed with respect to the socio-emotional consequences of language delay and reading difficulties; hyperkinetic/attentional deficit syndromes; schizophrenia; and autism. It is concluded that the ways in which we appraise our life circumstances and the ways in which we react to experiences of all kinds are greatly influenced by how we think about ourselves and our environment. Biases and distortions in such cognitive processing may be associated with social and emotional malfunction. These biases may derive from earlier experiences, from intensive temperamental styles, or from deficits in the ability to process incoming information. The further study of cognitive processing and cognitive deficits is likely to be rewarding and helpful for clinical practice.
 ...
PMID:The role of cognition in child development and disorder. 356 6

Depression is a major health problem in the elderly. The existing literature indicates that depression may be qualitatively different in this population. For example, a condition said to be prevalent among the elderly is masked depression which is marked by a cluster of vegetative symptoms without prominent dysphoria or guilt. Specific symptoms of depression reported most commonly in the elderly include loss of self-esteem, feelings of helplessness, and complaints of cognitive deficit. Based on this information, the contents of six currently used depression rating scales were compared. It was found that although these scales are responsive to standard DSM-III criteria for depression, for the most part they do not address the symptoms reported to be more common among depressed elderly. In addition, they had not been validated on the old old and therefore seem to have limited applicability as a sensitive screening tool for this rapidly growing segment of the population.
 ...
PMID:Applicability of depression scales to the old old person. 395 Feb 90

In this report, data are presented on language and cognitive development in an unselected group of eleven 47,XXX females, followed since birth, who are now 6--14 years old. The results of the Yale Developmental Exam (at 2 years) and the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) (at 4--6 years) show an early delay in language development. Those girls who presently have serious language and learning problems were significantly delayed in first walking or talking, whereas the relatively unaffected girls were not. Results of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) at 4 years of age and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC or WISC-R) at 8 years of age are similar and show a generalized depression of both verbal and nonverbal abilities. Thus, unlike 45,X females or 47,XXX males, triple-X females do not have a specifically nonverbal or verbal cognitive deficit.
 ...
PMID:Language and cognitive development in 47,XXX females followed since birth. 742 96

In a retrospective study of 58 patients after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) with a late result either good (GOS = I) or fair (GOS = II), patients were examined 1-5 years after the acute event for their quality of life including a neuropsychological examination. Cognitive deficits were found in visual short-term memory (46%) and in the three parameters of a reaction-time task ranging from 31 to 65%. Further deficits were found in verbal long-term memory (28%), concentration (5-13%) and language (11%). The quality of life was reduced in the SAH patients according to a self-rating scale in motivation (50%), interests (47%), mental capacity (47%), free-time activities (52%), social relationships (39%), concentration (70%), fine motor co-ordination (25%) and sleep (47%). A further 77% of the patients reported more frequent headaches since their SAH. Depression was found in 30% of the SAH patients. Life-satisfaction was significantly reduced in 37%, whereas 48% of the SAH patients suffered from increased emotional lability and in 41% motivation was significantly reduced. Negative job consequences like loss of job or demotion were reported by 16% of the patients investigated and an additional 15% had been retired.
 ...
PMID:Quality of life and cognitive deficits after subarachnoid haemorrhage. 757 73

This study evaluated Alzheimer disease (AD) patients' awareness of impairment in several domains, including cognitive, psychiatric, and behavioral functioning. Ratings made by 13 patients with moderate to moderately severe probable AD were compared with ratings made by their relatives using the Cognitive Behavior Rating Scales (Williams et al., 1985; Williams, 1987). Unawareness was defined as the discrepancy between informant and patient ratings. Informants consistently rated patients' impairment as more severe than the patients rated themselves. However, the discrepancy between the ratings was statistically significant only for Language Disorder, Higher Cognitive Deficits, Memory Disorder, Dementia, and Apraxia, and not for Agitation, Need for Routine, Depression, and Disorientation scales. Unawareness was not related to severity of memory impairment, as measured by the Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test (Wilson et al., 1985). The results of this small, preliminary study of relatively severely impaired AD patients suggest that awareness of psychiatric and behavioral problems may be relatively preserved compared to awareness of cognitive problems. These findings should be replicated with a larger sample with a broader range of severity.
 ...
PMID:Anosognosia in Alzheimer disease. 760 23

Long latency event-related auditory evoked potentials, particularly the P300 wave, constitute an objective electrophysiological index of cognitive function. For this reason, these potentials have been studied in a series of 101 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), classified according to McAlpine's criteria into definite, probable and possible cases. The patients were also classified as depressed or non-depressed according to the DSM-III and Research Diagnostic Criteria. They were also subjected to a battery of psychometric tests. In the patient population the N200 and P300 latencies were increased, as were the P200 latencies, when compared with a control population. This electrophysiological pattern had previously been observed in other conditions characterised by subcortical lesions. Partial correlations (at constant disease duration) between the disability score and the cognitive deficit were found to be significant. Patients with an increased P300 latency had a greater disability and the P300 latency was significantly correlated with the duration of the illness. The N200 and P300 latencies were increased in depressed MS subjects, but this increase did not reach the level of significance. Depression was more frequent in the more severely handicapped patients. This suggests that the origin of the depression seen in multiple sclerosis is only partly organic, and that it is one of the factors contributing to the subcortical cognitive deficit in multiple sclerosis. Progressive forms of the disease exhibited the most profound cognitive deficit, and the most marked increase in P300 latency.
 ...
PMID:Event-related auditory evoked potentials and multiple sclerosis. 768 67

Studies of cognition and motor control have independently suggested that patients with Parkinson's disease show deficits in both attentional control and the preprogramming of movement. However, few studies have examined directly the involvement of cognitive processes in the origin of their slowed response. We examined the performance of 100 Parkinson's disease patients on simple reaction time (SRT) and a series of go/no-go cross-modality choice reaction time (CRT) tasks, in which motor response was constant; correct positive responses required attention to a progressively increasing number of dimensions of visual and auditory stimuli. The results showed that Parkinson's disease patients became increasingly impaired in response speed as choice complexity increased. Slowed response speed in Parkinson's disease involved two factors: (i) a 'perceptuomotor' factor which was constant across conditions and independent of choice complexity. Depression affected this factor selectively and independently of confounding associations with impoverished motor control; (ii) a 'cognitive-analytical' factor, which played an increasingly important role as complexity of choice increased. The characteristics of the relationship between response latency and cognitive complexity indicate that the deficit was due to a constant proportional slowing in cognitive speed across all SRT and CRT conditions. A cognitive deficit affecting the monitoring of stimulus-response compatibility may contribute to delayed response in Parkinson's disease. This cognitive-analytical deficit is present in early, untreated cases and, in contrast to perceptuomotor processes, is weakly related to depression.
 ...
PMID:Slowed central processing in simple and go/no-go reaction time tasks in Parkinson's disease. 803 62

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a safe, effective, valuable treatment for serious affective disorders (eg, major depression). Sometimes indicated for other, occasionally nonpsychiatric, medical conditions, ECT is a moderately complex procedure for which training is provided routinely during psychiatric residency. Although temporary confusion and amnesia are expected immediately after treatment, no reliable data suggest that permanent memory loss or cognitive deficit is caused by modern ECT. Indeed, because severe depression itself often causes both memory and cognitive deficits, ECT's remarkable therapeutic effectiveness is associated with long-term improvement in cognition, learning ability, and memory for many patients. Controversy over safety and effect on memory is fueled largely by public misinformation.
 ...
PMID:Electroconvulsive therapy. 834 62

Cognitive deficits in patients with structural lesions of the basal ganglia (e.g., Huntington's disease) commonly include slowed processing, reduced verbal fluency, difficulty switching set, impaired egocentric spatial ability, poor recall, and impaired acquisition of motor skills. The goal of this study was to determine if patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) would have a similar pattern of cognitive dysfunction. A battery of neuropsychological tests, including reaction time-based measures of cognitive processing speed and a test of procedural, motor-skill learning, was administered to 17 unmedicated OCD patients and 16 age-and education-matched normal controls. Eleven individuals with trichotillomania, matched with the OCD patients on age, education, age at symptom onset, depression, and anxiety were also tested. Contrary to expectation, neither the OCD nor trichotillomania patients were impaired on any of the measures in the battery. The essentially normal performance by these patients suggests that the brain regions responsible for cognitive dysfunction in patients with Huntington's disease may differ from those associated with OCD.
 ...
PMID:Lack of evidence for Huntington's disease-like cognitive dysfunction in obsessive-compulsive disorder. 847 92

This study examined 59 patients who had suffered closed head injuries with respect to their MMPI scores and Category Test scores as assessed shortly post-injury and on subsequent assessment. The number of MMPI scales elevated above t = 70 on the first assessment was negatively correlated with the magnitude of improvement made on the Category Test. Multiple regression analyses showed that the extent of cognitive deficit, as indicated by the Category Test, could be predicted from the degree of psychopathology, with MMPI scales 2 (depression), 7 (psychasthenia) and 8 (schizophrenia) being highly predictive of Category Test performance. These results suggest that patients with better psychological functioning perform at a higher level and make a greater post-traumatic recovery on neurocognitive tests. Although we cannot determine if the emotional impairment is due to neuropathology or is reactive in nature, there are clear implications for rehabilitation.
 ...
PMID:The interplay between emotional and cognitive recovery after closed head injury. 850 80


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>