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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The frequency and nature of depression were studied in a random sample of septuagenarians obtained from the Birth Register of the City of Helsinki. Out of 400 newborns in 1903, 261 were pronounced dead in 1973. Of the remaining 139, 106 were examined. Four were chronic mental patients. In the clinical examination of the remaining 102 subjects, 25 were diagnosed as depressive. According to the Beck Depression Inventory 29, or 48.9 percent of the 60 subjects who consented to psychological testing, were depressive. In half of the 25 depressive subjects, chronic disabling disease was the main etiological factor. In the other cases, the main causes were loss of significant personality retirement, and other psychosocial factors involved in aging. Frequency of hypochondria was only 3.9 percent. The prognosis of active treatment was deemed good in the subjects with psychosocial disturbances. Interest in physical exercises and participation in voluntary associations correlated with absence of depression.
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PMID:A field study of depression in old age. 3 67

Osteoporosis, a metabolic bone disease most prevalent in older adults, is a major public health problem. Although management of osteoporosis through diet, exercise, and medication has improved, little is known about the psychosocial consequences of this disabling disease. In an attempt to identify patient characteristics that would provide physicians with insight into appropriate management styles for older osteoporotics, we assessed 103 patients with osteoporosis for their health locus of control (HLOC) orientation. We examined the relationship between HLOC and patient outcomes after participation in the Duke University Preventive and Therapeutic Program for Osteoporosis (DUPATPO) to determine whether HLOC was associated with functioning after program participation. More specifically, we asked whether internal or external HLOC was associated with decreases in depression, psychiatric symptoms, and stress symptoms, or with increases in self-esteem, exercise, and disease knowledge. We have shown in our earlier work (Gold et al, J Am Geriatr Soc 1989; 37:417) that program participation is associated with improved functioning in older adults. We now asked whether knowledge of a patient's HLOC would help predict these improvements. A comparison group (ie, older osteoporotics who did not participate in DUPATPO) was also assessed for HLOC to examine the possible association between HLOC and health behaviors regardless of the DUPATPO intervention. Our findings indicate that HLOC provided little useful information regarding patient outcomes. Although improvements were seen in the mental health of program participants, no association between these improvements and HLOC could be found.
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PMID:Osteoporosis in late life: does health locus of control affect psychosocial adaptation? 206 32

Previous reviews of psychological factors in arthritis have emphasised the methodological weaknesses of many studies, especially those attempting to measure personality after years of disabling disease. To make sense of the published reports three factors need to be considered separately: previous personality, social stresses, and current mental state. Each can now be measured reliably and independently of symptoms which might be directly attributable to the arthritis. There is a growing consensus that the normal range of personality is represented among patients with early arthritis, that the prevalence of depression is similar to that of patients with other medical conditions, and that social stress is more closely related to depression than activity and the disabling effect of arthritis. Longitudinal studies are now required to examine which social stresses can be attributed to the disabling effect of arthritis. Depression and social stress often manifest themselves to the rheumatologist as excessive complaints of pain and frequent clinic attendances so appropriate psychosocial treatments may reduce this behaviour.
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PMID:Psychological disorders in rheumatoid arthritis: a growing consensus? 224 Dec 74

Using a cross-sectional interview study of 194 women with rheumatoid arthritis, investigated the relationship between health status, social integration, qualitative aspects of social support, and social and psychological functioning in the presence of a chronic, disabling disease. Even after controlling for the influences of current physical limitations and social integration, qualitative dimensions of social support as measured by the Quality of Social Support Scale, a scale developed for this study, explained a significant proportion of the variance in home and family functioning and in depression.
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PMID:Quality of social support and associated social and psychological functioning in women with rheumatoid arthritis. 234 Aug 18

Ischemic stroke is a major disabling disease. There are 500,000 new cases in U.S. every year, and the middle cerebral artery (MCA) is the artery most often occluded. In this paper recent results of experimental MCA occlusion are reviewed, with special emphasis on those factors contributing to irreversible damage. Occlusion of MCA in the rat causes a pronounced decline of flow in the neostriatum to less than 10% of normal. The area of low flow is surrounded by a zone 0.2-0.5 mm wide, across which blood flow increases steeply. Beyond this zone, changes in flow are more gradual, and perfusion is reduced to about 1/3 of normal in the adjacent ipsilateral cortex. The MCA occlusion leads to a sharply demarcated infarct and to scattered neuronal injury in the adjacent cortical tissue. It is suggested that the ischemic core is identical with the tissue infarct, i.e. that it is the initial pattern of blood flow which determines the volume and topography of infarction. Waves of spreading depression are detected in the cortical low perfusion area during the first hours of MCA occlusion, and glucose consumption is increased, presumably due to an increased demand for ionic transport. In hyperglycemic animals, the number of spreading depressions is reduced as is the glucose consumption. The repeated waves of spreading depression in combination with partial energy depletion may induce selective neuronal injury in the peri-infarct zone, a suggestion which finds support in the fact that hyperglycemia ameliorates neuronal injury around the infarction.
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PMID:Mechanisms of brain damage in focal cerebral ischemia. 328 72

Depression and anxiety were revealed in 40 of 56 patients with vascular parkinsonism; irritability up to dysphoria was observed in 29 patients. The treatment included administration of DOPA drugs (nakom and madopar) and cholinolytics (benactyzin, methylbenactyzin). No clear-cut correlation was found between the severity of neurological and affective disorders either before or during the treatment. Reduction in depression was greater following treatment with DOPA drugs while irritability showed a better response to cholinolytics. The results of therapy have allowed the conclusion that affective disturbances in parkinsonism can not be considered as a mere psychogenic reaction to a severe disabling disease but appear to be accounted for by the pathogenesis of the disease itself, in particular, by disorders in monoamine metabolism.
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PMID:[Features of affective disorders in patients with vascular parkinsonism]. 359 Nov 40

One hundred twenty institutionalized cases of leprosy were tested for anxiety and depression on standard scales before and after psychiatric treatment. The latter seems to be effective in reducing both anxiety and depression after a course of treatment of three months. This appears to be a sound justification to advocate mental health care in institutions of leprosy in conjunction with physical care. Leprosy is a chronic and disabling disease entity. With the social stigma associated to the disease the psychiatric hazards of the disease are as bad as its physical manifestations. However, usually, only the latter attract attention. Ignorance about the disease and social values about the disease can at once land a person in depression on utterance of the diagnosis. Further, anxiety about the outcome of the disease in particular and future in general are known to exist in sufferers of leprosy.
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PMID:Leprosy--a case for mental health care. 663 85

A variety of psychiatric disorders accompany multiple sclerosis (MS), affecting the spheres of cognition, affect, and personality. These disorders may be of primary and/or secondary nature, reflecting, respectively, neurologic damage and/or functional distress associated with a disabling disease. Evaluation of the nature, severity, and frequency of affective symptoms of MS patients is of importance to sensitize the treating physician to the possible need for specific psychiatric treatment. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study assessing correlations of psychiatric symptomatology and the neurologic parameters of disease duration, disease activity (as expressed by the number of disease exacerbations per year), and disease severity (as measured by the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS]) in 20 relapsing-remitting (RR)-MS patients. Patients were also evaluated by a semistructured psychiatric interview and the following rating scales: Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAS), Hamilton Depression Scale (HDS), Hackett-Cassem Denial Scale, and Lubin Adjective Affective List. Results demonstrated a high prevalence of anxiety (90%) and to a lesser extent depression (50%) in RR-MS patients. Depression and anxiety were found to be associated with disease activity, but not with disease duration or severity. The mechanism of denial played a significant role in the psychiatric profile of the disease and was correlated with disease duration. We suggest that in RR-MS patients, psychiatric evaluation should also include assessment of defense and coping mechanisms, which in turn could guide specific individualized treatment.
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PMID:A new approach to affective symptoms in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. 749 14

The United States is experiencing an epidemic of obesity among both adults and children. Approximately 35 percent of women and 31 percent of men age 20 and older are considered obese, as are about one-quarter of children and adolescents. While government health goals for the year 2000 call for no more than 20 percent of adults and 15 percent of adolescents to be obese, the prevalence of this often disabling disease is increasing rather than decreasing. Obesity, of course, is not increasing because people are consciously trying to gain weight. In fact, tens of millions of people in this country are dieting at any one time; they and many others are struggling to manage their weight to improve their appearance, feel better, and be healthier. Many programs and services exist to help individuals achieve weight control. But the limited studies paint a grim picture: those who complete weight-loss programs lose approximately 10 percent of their body weight, only to regain two-thirds of it back within 1 year and almost all of it back within 5 years. These figures point to the fact that obesity is one of the most pervasive public health problems in this country, a complex, multifactorial disease of appetite regulation and energy metabolism involving genetics, physiology, biochemistry, and the neurosciences, as well as environmental, psychosocial, and cultural factors. Unfortunately, the lay public and health-care providers, as well as insurance companies, often view it simply as a problem of willful misconduct--eating too much and exercising too little. Obesity is a remarkable disease in terms of the effort required by an individual for its management and the extent of discrimination its victims suffer. While people often wish to lose weight for the sake of their appearance, public health concerns about obesity relate to this disease's link to numerous chronic diseases that can lead to premature illness and death. The scientific evidence summarized in Chapter 2 suggests strongly that obese individuals who lose even relatively small amounts of weight are likely to decrease their blood pressure (and thereby the risk of hypertension), reduce abnormally high levels of blood glucose (associated with diabetes), bring blood concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides (associated with cardiovascular disease) down to more desirable levels, reduce sleep apnea, decrease their risk of osteoarthritis of the weight-bearing joints and depression, and increase self-esteem. In many cases, the obese person who loses weight finds that an accompanying comorbidity is improved, its progression is slowed, or the symptoms disappear. Healthy weights are generally associated with a body mass index (BMI; a measure of whether weight is appropriate for height, measured in kg/m2) of 19-25 in those 19-34 years of age and 21-27 in those 35 years of age and older. Beyond these ranges, health risks increase as BMI increases. Health risks also increase with excess abdominal/visceral fat (as estimated by a waist-hip ratio [WHR] > 1.0 for males and > 0.8 for females), high blood pressure (> 140/90), dyslipidemias (total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations of > 200 and > 225 mg/dl, respectively), non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and a family history of premature death due to cardiovascular disease (e.g., parent, grandparent, sibling, uncle, or aunt dying before age 50). Weight loss usually improves the management of obesity-related comorbidities or decreases the risks of their development. The high prevalence of obesity in the United States together with its link to numerous chronic diseases leads to the conclusion that this disease is responsible for a substantial proportion of total health-care costs. We estimate that today's health-care costs of obesity exceed $70 billion per year.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Weighing the options: criteria for evaluating weight-management programs. The Committee to Develop Criteria for Evaluating the Outcomes of Approaches to Prevent and Treat Obesity. 865 36

Psychopathology was assessed in 50 patients with the neurological form of Wilson's disease (WD-N) and in 17 asymptomatic patients (WD-A) compared to matched healthy controls and to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) control patients using The Hopkins Symptom Checklist. As hypothesized, WD-N patients had significantly lower interpersonal sensitivity and aggression/hostility scores than had healthy controls, but did not differ from them either in depression or anxiety levels. Retarded depression and anxiety were higher among RA patients than in WD-N patients. This nondistressed response to the chronic disabling disease was even more salient in 19 WD patients with lesions in basal ganglia only. WD-A patients did not differ from their healthy peers, which suggests a tendency towards hypercompensation and denial in the former. WD-N patients' limited awareness of their deficits (including impaired control of affective behavior) seems to result from their brain damage implicating the basal ganglia.
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PMID:Self-rated emotional functioning of patients with neurological or asymptomatic form of Wilson's disease. 1470 86


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