Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The roots of Withania somnifera (WS) are used extensively in Ayurveda, the classical Indian system of medicine, and WS is categorized as a rasayana, which are used to promote physical and mental health, to provide defence against disease and adverse environmental factors and to arrest the aging process. WS has been used to stabilize mood in patients with behavioural disturbances. The present study investigated the anxiolytic and antidepressant actions of the bioactive glycowithanolides (WSG), isolated from WS roots, in rats. WSG (20 and 50 mg/kg) was administered orally once daily for 5 days and the results were compared by those elicited by the benzodiazepine lorazepam (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) for anxiolytic studies, and by the tricyclic anti-depressant, imipramine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), for the antidepressant investigations. Both these standard drugs were administered once, 30 min prior to the tests. WSG induced an anxiolytic effect, comparable to that produced by lorazepam, in the elevated plus-maze, social interaction and feeding latency in an unfamiliar environment, tests. Further, both WSG and lorazepam, reduced rat brain levels of tribulin, an endocoid marker of clinical anxiety, when the levels were increased following administration of the anxiogenic agent, pentylenetetrazole. WSG also exhibited an antidepressant effect, comparable with that induced by imipramine, in the forced swim-induced 'behavioural despair' and 'learned helplessness' tests. The investigations support the use of WS as a mood stabilizer in clinical conditions of anxiety and depression in Ayurveda.
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PMID:Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. 1119 74

The study investigated biases in selective attention to emotional face stimuli in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and depressive disorder, using a modified probe detection task. There were 4 face types: threatening, sad, happy, and neutral. Measures of attentional bias included (a) the direction and latency of the initial eye movement in response to the faces and (b) manual reaction time (RT) to probes replacing the face stimuli 1,000 ms after their onset. Results showed that individuals with GAD (without depressive disorder) were more likely to look first toward threat faces rather than neutral faces compared with normal controls and those with depressive disorder. They also shifted their gaze more quickly toward threat faces, rather than away from them, relative to the other two groups. There were no significant findings from the manual RT data. Implications of the results for recent theories of clinical anxiety and depression are discussed.
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PMID:Biases in eye movements to threatening facial expressions in generalized anxiety disorder and depressive disorder. 1119 93

There has been much interest in the psychosocial issues faced by breast cancer patients because of the high prevalence of the disease and the severe psychological impact of the cancer itself, as well as its treatment. The objective of our study was to investigate the determinants of psychiatric morbidity among postoperative ambulatory breast cancer patients. The variables examined included the patients' biomedical characteristics, demographic characteristics, current concerns, coping responses and social support factors. Patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Mental Adjustment to Cancer scale (MAC scale), and information pertaining to demographic variables, current concerns and social support factors was obtained by a specially designed questionnaire. Available data were obtained from 148 randomly selected postoperative ambulatory breast cancer patients. The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity (including clinical anxiety and depression) evaluated by using the HADS cut-off point was 23%. The results of univariate analyses indicated that pain, dyspnea, having children with health problems, various other concerns (about children, other family members, the patients' own health and future treatment) and poor coping responses (low fighting spirit, high anxious preoccupation, high fatalism and high helplessness/hopelessness) were significant determinants of the patients' psychiatric morbidity. Additionally, in the logistic regression analysis, having children with health problems and having a low fighting spirit and a high helplessness/hopelessness were final significant determinants. Postoperative ambulatory breast cancer patients with these problems should be given careful attention, and psychosocial intervention may be beneficial for them.
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PMID:Biomedical and psychosocial determinants of psychiatric morbidity among postoperative ambulatory breast cancer patients. 1133 41

Advances in immunological and genetic tests and in therapeutics may soon make it possible to predict, prevent or delay the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM). Psychological support should be available at every stage of the screening and prevention process for high-risk individuals. Each step in this process results in a threat to the affected individual and his/her family, followed by anxiety, decision processes, uncertainty, conflicts and depression, and also attempts to cope with these. At the first step, information about the screening procedure is provided, and an attempt is made to motivate individuals and families to take part. At the second step, there is notification of risk and, for the small group of marker-positive individuals, an invitation to participate in a prevention trial. At the third step, the individuals included in a prevention protocol have to deal with anxiety over receiving placebo, maintain cooperation with therapy, and cope with potential failures of the prevention. There are only a few psychological data gained in DM screening or intervention studies, showing high clinical anxiety while screening, both before and after notification of risk. After a few months of anxiety, it usually drops to normal levels, but family functioning seems to be changed. Data are explained within the framework of an extended Health Belief Model. Data regarding the psychological impact on family members and identification of variables related to continued study participation are needed for studies seeking to recruit and retain subjects in longitudinal protocols for prediction and prevention of type 1 DM.
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PMID:Psychological and ethical aspects of prevention trials. 1139 61

Changes in the AIDS epidemic in many areas of the United States require information about the experience of the growing segment of women afflicted. This study compared patterns of emotional distress between men and women with symptomatic HIV and examined potential predictors of different levels of vulnerability. A sample of 126 low socioeconomic men and women seeking care from HIV treatment centers was surveyed using measures of physical and psychological well-being. Women had more HIV symptoms, poorer functioning, and greater disruptions in physical and psychosocial well-being. Physical health status and optimism were primary predictors of emotional distress in both men and women. More than 50% of men and women had scores indicative of clinical anxiety. Approximately 1 out of 10 had clinically relevant scores for depression. Gender differences may provide potentially useful information for tailoring assessment interventions for emotional distress in people infected with HIV.
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PMID:Differential predictors of emotional distress in HIV-infected men and women. 1182 73

Cognitive and neurobiological accounts of clinical anxiety and depression were examined via event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded from patients with panic disorder and healthy controls as they performed an old/new recognition memory task with emotionally negative and neutral words. The emotive connotation of words systematically influenced control subjects' - but not patients' - ERP effects at prefrontal sites in a latency range (to approximately 300-500 ms) generally assumed to reflect greater contribution of automatic than controlled memory processes. This provides evidence for dysfunctional inhibitory modulation of affective information processing in panic disorder. The ERP effects after 700 ms, however, suggest that some patients may adopt conscious strategies to minimize the impact of these early processing abnormalities on overt behaviors.
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PMID:Electrophysiological evidence reveals affective evaluation deficits early in stimulus processing in patients with panic disorder. 1200 57

Before and after hysterectomy, 60 women completed self-report questionnaires. Measures of personality (NEO-Five Factor Inventory, NEO-FFI), coping (Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, CISS), and procedure appraisal were completed pre-operatively. Measures of depression and anxiety were completed pre- and post-operatively. Pre-op, 34% of women reported depression at clinical levels, and 29% reported clinical anxiety. The prevalence of depression fell to 8% 3-months post-op although clinical levels of anxiety persisted post-op in 22% of women. Regression analyses revealed that the principal risk factors for post-op negative affect were pre-op levels of depression and concerns about hysterectomy outcome. In assessing proposed models of post-hysterectomy outcome, structural equational modelling revealed the key position of neuroticism and extraversion, which were both directly and indirectly related to pre- and post-operative depression and anxiety. The mediating variables in this model included coping dispositions and procedure appraisal. It is concluded that the variables contained within stress moderation models provide a useful framework for understanding the processes that may lead to elevated levels of negative affect both before and after hysterectomy. Such an approach may prove beneficial for other surgical-outcome studies.
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PMID:Understanding pre- and post-hysterectomy levels of negative affect: a stress moderation model approach. 1285 94

The aim of this study was to quantify the degree of sub-clinical anxiety and depression in essentially obese patients (EOP) and normoponderal healthy subjects (NHS) in order to identify quantitative differences based on mean scores and percentages (the latter in cases showing a tendency towards pathological anxiety and depression indicated by a score of > or = 8). The study involved 69 EOP (age: 13-72 years; BMI: > 25.0 and < 35.0 kg/m2) and 66 NHS (age: 18-68 years; BMI: > 18.5 and < or = 25.0 kg/m2). The scores, expressed in Anxiety Units (AU) and Depression Units (DU), were computed using ad hoc questionnaires (the ASQ and CDQ) validated for the Italian population. The mean scores of sub-clinical anxiety and depression in the EOP were significantly higher (both p = 0.001) than those of the NHS (6.33 +/- 2.38 vs 5.02 +/- 2.22 AU; 6.42 +/- 2.42 vs 5.02 +/- 2.03 DU), as were the percentages of cases with a tendency towards pathological anxiety and depression (42% vs 18%, and 43% vs 12%) (both p = 0.001). The significantly higher mean sub-clinical anxiety and depression score in the EOP indicate that a worse mood status is associated with obesity in a non-random manner. The significantly higher percentages of EOP with a tendency towards pathologic anxiety and depression indicate that obesity is a clinical condition that predisposes to the development of clinically relevant affective disorders.
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PMID:Quantification of sub-clinical anxiety and depression in essentially obese patients and normal-weight healthy subjects. 1501 83

Research to date has focused on depression and co-existing pain in HIV with relatively little attention devoted to the study of anxiety disorders and concurrent pain. We therefore examined the relationships among panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depression and pain in a US national sample of persons with HIV, controlling for key sociodemographic and clinical variables, including HIV disease status. The study sample comprised 1489 HIV+ individuals (representing 219 667 persons). In multivariate analyses, panic disorder showed a strong association with pain ( beta= -15.70; 99% confidence interval [CI]=-21.33 to -10.08; P<0.001, which was significantly greater than PTSD (P=0.002) but only marginally greater than major depression (P=0.002). Longitudinal analyses of the three psychological disorders revealed that increasing pain from baseline to follow-up (an approximately 6-month period) was associated with panic disorder only (relative risk ratio=2.18, 99% CI=1.02-4.69; P<0.01), after controlling for baseline pain scores, baseline HIV disease status and change in disease stage across time. We discuss specific mechanisms by which clinical anxiety and chronic pain may be mutually maintained in HIV+ individuals. Our findings suggest that panic disorder, as well as PTSD and major depression are associated with greater pain in HIV patients.
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PMID:Panic disorder and pain in a national sample of persons living with HIV. 1508 39

HEALTH ISSUE: Depression causes significant distress or impairment in physical, social, occupational and other key areas of functioning. Women are approximately twice as likely as men to experience depression. Psychosocial factors likely mediate the risks for depression incurred by biological influences. KEY FINDINGS: Data from the 1999 National Population Health Survey show that depression is more common among Canadian women, with an annual self-reported incidence of 5.7% compared with 2.9% in men. The highest rates of depression are seen among women of reproductive age. Predictive factors for depression include previous depression, feeling out of control or overwhelmed, chronic health problems, traumatic events in childhood or young adulthood, lack of emotional support, lone parenthood, and low sense of mastery. Although depression is treatable, only 43% of depressed women had consulted a health professional in 1998/99 and only 32.4% were taking antidepressant medication. People with lower education, inadequate income, and fewer contacts with a health professional were less likely to receive depression treatment. DATA GAPS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: A better understanding of factors that increase vulnerability and resilience to depression is needed. There is also a need for the collection and analysis of data pertaining to: prevalence of clinical anxiety; the prevalence of depression band 12 months after childbirth factors contributing to suicide contemplation and attempts among adolescent girls, current treatments for depression and their efficacy in depressed women at different life stages; interprovincial variation in depression rates and hospitalizations and the impact and costs of depression on work, family, individuals, and society.
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PMID:Depression. 1534 82


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