Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A series of 36 patients who had been hospitalized following closed head injury (CHI) were followed up 4.06 (SD 3.71) years after the injury. Measures were taken of degree of psychosexual dysfunction (Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction-GRISS), general psychiatric morbidity (General Health Questionnaire-GHQ), and clinical anxiety and depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-HAD). These measures were completed by patients and partners. Resulting data revealed that 50% of male patients with current sexual partners produced psychosexual profiles that fell within the dysfunctional range. For both male patients and their partners, the chief psychosexual complaint was infrequency. Of the patients studied, 61% were classified (using the GHQ) as having degrees of emotional distress that would fall within the range of psychiatric 'caseness', while 25% of patients achieved HAD criteria for clinical anxiety and 22% met HAD criteria for depression. Of the partners, 41% met GHQ criteria for psychiatric 'caseness', 18% being classified using the HAD as anxiety cases and 6% as depression cases. No effects of severity of injury were observed on any of the main outcome measures. Age and time since injury were related to measures of psychosexual dysfunction. These results are discussed in relation to the existing literature on psychosocial outcome in closed head injury, and recommendations for therapeutic intervention are made.
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PMID:Psychosexual and psychosocial sequelae of closed head injury. 193 79

The prevalence of anxiety disorders increases with advancing age. Unfortunately, the diagnosis of anxiety in elderly patients is often reached only after everything else has been ruled out. Elderly patients with clinical anxiety often present with physical complaints that mask the underlying anxiety disorder. Recognition and management of anxiety disorders in the elderly must be prompt to interrupt the cycle of anxiety-depression, physical illness, and other stresses.
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PMID:Anxiety and physical illness in the elderly. 268 Nov 74

A cohort of patients who had received major intra-oral surgery, up to 10 yr (mean 3.5 yr) prior to this study were reviewed and assessed for evidence of current psychological disturbance. Forty-one per cent of patients were found to have significant levels of psychological distress comprising mood disorder, social dysfunction or both types of difficulty. Prevalence of clinical anxiety and depression per se was within the range 22-32%, but few patients were receiving any form of active therapy for these problems. Investigation of predictors revealed that females and younger people were more at risk to psychological distress. Tentative evidence for variability in psychological outcome in relation to tumour site is also reported. Results are discussed with reference to service provision needs and further research priorities.
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PMID:Psychological distress at follow-up after major surgery for intra-oral cancer. 279 16

Ninety-eight medical and surgical inpatients were interviewed 24-72 hours prior to discharge. Thirty-five (36%) had clinical levels of anxiety and depression as defined by the SCL-90-R, a self-report symptom inventory. Compared with patients with normal SCL-90-R subtest scores, anxious and depressed patients more often had the following characteristics: older age, black race, lower socioeconomic class, a recent previous hospitalization, and impaired functional status prior to admission. Three to four weeks after discharge, 25 of the 35 anxious and depressed patients were again interviewed. Thirteen remained anxious and depressed, while 11 patients had returned to normative distress levels. Older, black, poor inpatients with a recent prior hospitalization and impaired functional status are at high risk for clinical anxiety and depression. Half of those with anxiety and depression may remain anxious and depressed after discharge. Intervention should be considered for these patients.
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PMID:Anxiety and depression among medical and surgical patients nearing hospital discharge. 355 82

Alprazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine, a derivative of the benzodiazepines. Comparison studies of alprazolam and diazepam or chlordiazepoxide in patients suffering from clinical anxiety secondary to anxiety neurosis or chronic alcohol withdrawal suggest an equal efficacy of those agents. Studies examining the use of alprazolam for the treatment of "primary depression" suggest that it is as effective as imipramine in the treatment of exogenous (reactive) depression. Although alprazolam may be effective in patients with exogenous depression, no extrapolation can be made to the treatment of endogenous depression. Mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated, but probably are similar to those of other benzodiazepines. Peak blood levels are reached in 0.7-1.6 hours and the elimination half-life after steady state is approximately 19 hours. Daily dosages established from clinical studies ranged from 1 to 6 mg. Clinically, alprazolam appears to be ten times more potent than diazepam. Drowsiness, headaches, lightheadedness, dry mouth, and depression appear to be the most common side effects of the drug. It is concluded that alprazolam offers no striking therapeutic advantage over currently marketed benzodiazepines.
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PMID:Alprazolam (Xanax, the Upjohn Company). 611 42

There were 129 nurses and 26 doctors from 16 BMT centres in the UK who responded to a mailed survey of their job satisfaction, their psychological difficulties at work, the sources and effects of working stress, and any stress-reducing techniques they found useful. Half were emotionally exhausted, and 80% reported feelings of low personal accomplishment. A significant proportion, particularly medical staff, had marked feelings of depersonalisation. All aspects of job satisfaction were thought to be unsatisfactory (namely professional support or training). Signs of clinical anxiety were seen in > 10% of staff, and overt depression was present in 0.8% of nurses and 3.8% of doctors. Emotionally burnout developed because of work-related and personality factors. Sources of stress were found in regular work with dying patients excessive responsibility, rapid advances in transplant technology, and excessive personal demands of patient and families. The majority of staff had experienced difficulties in their personal lives which were directly linked to stress at work. The implications for both the patients and staff are discussed, and stress management techniques are suggested.
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PMID:Psychological stress in nursing and medical staff on bone marrow transplant units. 759 71

Implicit and explicit memory biases were assessed in clinically depressed (n = 19), clinically anxious (n = 17), and normal control (n = 18) Ss. The implicit memory test was a primed lexical decision task, with anxiety- and depression-relevant words, and suprathreshold and subthreshold primes. The explicit memory test was incidental free recall of self-referenced words. The depressed group showed greater suprathreshold and subthreshold priming effects for depression words, and recalled more depression words, than the other two groups. These results suggest that clinical depression, but not clinical anxiety, is associated with mood-congruent biases in both automatic and strategic memory processes.
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PMID:Implicit and explicit memory for emotion-congruent information in clinical depression and anxiety. 767 13

This study investigated burnout in air traffic controllers (ATC's). There were 109 Italian ATC's who filled out the Rome Burnout Inventory, a new tool for burnout assessment, during breaks in the working environment. The questionnaire assessed: 1) emotional-mental exhaustion (EME); 2) physical exhaustion (PE); 3) social support by components of the social network; 4) work- and nonwork-related stressors; 5) self-reported psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders. Our data show that the burnout syndrome is closely and positively related to age, years spent in air traffic control, professional dissatisfaction, and to work stressors, but not to nonwork stressors. In our sample, burnout was negatively correlated with social support provided by friends and family. The PE construct seemed to be unreliable in detecting physical burnout in Italian ATC's. Using analysis of variance, subjects with self-reported psychosomatic disorders did not show higher levels of EME scores. Further, EME was positively correlated with self-perceived psychological distress (anxiety, depression and impulse discontrol), but not with physician-rated psychopathology, as revealed by psychoactive drug intake. We suggest that burnout is a construct independent from clinical anxiety or depression.
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PMID:Burnout and health status in Italian air traffic controllers. 800 11

Some generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) patients experience subclinical or clinical levels of anxiety before adulthood, whereas others have a later onset. To determine whether patients who experienced subclinical or clinical anxiety in the first two decades of life differed from those with a later onset, we reviewed the history, ratings on various scales, and psychophysiological recordings obtained from 103 GAD patients. Early-onset patients were younger and more likely to develop GAD without a precipitating stressful event. With the exception of depression in the early-onset group, present-state measures did not differentiate the two groups. During childhood, patients in the early-onset group were exposed to more domestic disturbances, experienced more childhood fears, and were more inhibited and socially maladjusted. As adults, they scored higher on trait anxiety and neuroticism, tended to have obsessional traits, were more sensitive in interpersonal relationships, and experienced more marital difficulties. These findings may be explained by (1) constitutional traits that make early-onset GAD patients more vulnerable to stressors; (2) a more disturbed environment during childhood that adversely affects personality development; or (3) a more severe disorder with an early subclinical onset that also affects personality development.
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PMID:Generalized anxiety disorder with early and late onset of anxiety symptoms. 830 37

A list of negative outcomes (harmful events) was constructed to investigate the nature and organization of outcome concerns in anxiety. In Study 1, analysis of worry frequency ratings for the 116 negative outcomes revealed two major correlated factors corresponding to physical outcomes (harm or misfortune) and social outcomes (negative evaluation). These higher-order factors could be further subdivided into smaller discrete categories of related concerns. Ratings of worry frequency were higher for social outcomes. Trait anxiety was associated with both physical and social concerns, but stress and depression were primarily associated with social concerns. In Study 2, aversiveness ratings for the 116 negative outcomes followed the same physical-social organization and formed similar lower-order categories. Unlike the worry frequency ratings, aversiveness ratings were higher for physical than social categories, and did not correlate substantially with trait measures of depression, anxiety or stress. In Study 3, a short (24-item) negative outcome questionnaire was developed to discriminate between concerns about physical and social outcomes. The Physical Scale correlated substantially with the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI) but not the Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE), whereas the Social Scale correlated with the FNE but not the ASI. The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), which assesses worry frequency but not content, correlated only with the Social Scale. Implications for theories of normal and clinical anxiety are discussed.
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PMID:The representation of feared outcomes. 834 18


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