Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
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Twelve Standardbred foals (age 3-6 months), with little previous exposure to parasites, were allocated to 2 groups and put onto pasture with low (Group L) or high (Group H) levels of larval contamination of large strongyles and cyathostomes. After 4 weeks grazing in September, the foals were housed indoors until necropsy 15 weeks later. Foals in Group H became clinically more affected than those of Group L in that they showed loss of vigour, weight gain depression, intermittent soft faeces and inappetence. One foal of Group H had persistent diarrhoea and was subjected to euthanasia 12 weeks after housing. Signs of colic were not observed. Faecal egg counts were significantly higher in Group H than in Group L (P<0.05). At necropsy, the mean number of S. vulgaris and cyathostomes was 20 and 18,000, respectively, in Group L, and 167 and 25,000 in Group H. Routine blood chemistry did not specifically reveal presence of S.vulgaris in pre-patency. A transient neutrophilia and eosinophilia, most prominent in Group H, was seen 2-8 weeks after start of exposure and anaemia was observed later in Group H. Serum albumin and albumin/globulin ratio were reduced, particularly in Group H, and a marked hyperbetaglobulinaemia was observed at 16-20 weeks in Group H. In conclusion, heavy infections with strongyles including S. vulgaris may become established in weaned foals after a brief period on pasture. Infections may be expressed clinically as debilitation, inappetence and intermittent diarrhoea without colic, and the need for control is imperative.
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PMID:Impact of mixed strongyle infections in foals after one month on pasture. 962 25

Malnutrition is an independent factor of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, the nutritional management must be included in the follow-up and treatment of these patients. During hemodialysis, estimated nutritional requirements are 35-40 kcal/kg/day and 1.2-1.4 protein/kg/day. Dietary counseling, performed twice a year, makes it possible to detect the early signs of undernutrition. High risk malnutrition can be identified by the following indicators: normalized catabolic rate < 1 g/kg/j, serum albumin < 35 g/l, serum prealbumin < 300 mg/l. A trimestrial measurement of these variables is recommended. A schematic diagram is proposed for the nutritional management of malnourished hemodialysis patient. The occurrence of malnutrition implies to look for any cause of anorexia or hypercatabolism such as inadequate nutritional intakes, inadequate dialysis, severe anemia and depression. Nutritional supplementation must be adapted according to its ability to satisfy nutritional needs: oral supplements in patients with beginning undernutrition; intradialytic parental nutrition in patients with severe malnutrition and spontaneous intakes more than 20 kcal/kg/day; daily enteral nutrition when spontaneous intakes are less than 20 kcal/kg/day.
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PMID:[Management of malnutrition in chronic hemodialysis]. 983 98

Cell mediated immune response (CMIR) was studies in 120 patients having chronic liver diseases. Patients were divided into 6 groups, (20 each). (1) Early hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis. (EHSS), (2) Late hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis. (LHSS), (3) Hepatosplenic Schistosomiasis with hepatitis B and/or C infections, (4) Hepatitis B virus cases. (HBV), (5) Hepatitis C virus cases (HCV), (6) Hepatocellular carcinoma cases. (HCC). Twenty within normal subjects taken as controls. Laboratory investigations revealed significant esinophilia in patients of group (1), haemoglobin level was significantly reduced in patients of group (1, 2, 3, & 6), serum albumin was significantly reduced in group (2). The percentage of positivity of skin testing using purified protein derivative, ranged between 10% of patients with LHSS, HBV, HCC and HSS with HBV and/or HCV, 20% of patients with HCV and 25% of patients with EHSS. Percentage of positivity in control group was 100%. The mean diameter of delayed intradermal reaction (2.2 +/- 0.5-6.1 +/- 2.1 mms.) was significantly lower in patients than controls. The response of lymphocyte transformation test to phytohaemmagglutinin was significantly lower in patients when compared to controls. The association of HBV and/or HCV with hepatosplenomegaly was accompanied with a marked depression in cell mediated immune response. Anaemia, hypoalbuminemia and nutritional status of the patients with chronic liver diseases play a major role in the suppression of cell mediated immune response.
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PMID:Cell mediated immune response in chronic liver diseases: schistosomal, viral and neoplastic. 991 13

When performing IVCS, one must never forget the primary goal of providing patient comfort without compromising cardiopulmonary function or the patient's ability to react purposely to verbal commands and physical stimuli. When it is anticipated that required sedation will lead to loss of protective airway reflexes, such patients require a greater level of care than exists with IVCS. Deep sedation is a complication of IVCS and must be avoided. In deep sedation, one creates a state of depressed consciousness from which the patient is not easily aroused, accompanied by a partial or complete loss of protective reflexes, including the ability to maintain a patent airway independently and respond purposely to physical stimuli or verbal commands. In keeping this goal in mind, understanding those situations in which patients are at increased risk should be emphasized. In general, the elderly show increased sensitivity to the drugs used for IVCS, so the dose and frequency of administration should be reduced. In addition, patients with COPD appear to be more sensitive to the respiratory depressant effects of narcotics and benzodiazepines, especially when used in combination. Patients with low serum albumin concentrations show increased sensitivity to drugs that are highly protein bound such as thiopental because more free drug is available for therapeutic effect. To avoid hypotention, caution should be exercised in patients with poor left ventricular function or borderline volume status before the administration of IVCS. Understanding the metabolism and excretion of the agents used for IVCS is critical to avoid oversedation. Drugs such as diazepam, morphine, meperidine, and fentanyl have active metabolites, so the potential for drug accumulation and prolonged effect certainly exists. Patients with renal disease are particularly susceptible to CNS toxicity from normeperidine because of the accumulation of the active metabolite. Drugs like fentanyl, although short acting, have prolonged activity as a result of seepage of stored drug back into the systemic circulation. In contrast, thiopental is metabolized to water-soluble inactive metabolites. Careful titration to effect with dosage adjustments will avoid unnecessary oversedation with resultant respiratory and cardiovascular complications. Time should elapse between repeat doses to allow peak effects to occur. In addition, potential drug interactions that can prolong the effects should be recognized. Examples of the latter are the interaction between cimetidine and diazepam or the protease inhibitors and the benzodiazepines, in which the potential exists for excessive and prolonged sedation. The use of the narcotic antagonist naloxone and the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil should be scrutinized because they should be reserved for the unusual situation in which excessive cardiopulmonary depression occurs. Maintenance of a patent airway and stable cardiovascular function in a patient who can respond to verbal commands and physical stimuli is the primary goal of IVCS. With the agents discussed in this chapter, this goal is easily obtained, keeping the principles just mentioned in mind with all the appropriate monitoring guidelines discussed elsewhere in this text.
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PMID:Pharmacology. 1061 19

The authors performed bioimpedance analysis and Cardio Tens (24-h ABPM and ECG) monitoring in 66 patients (28 males, 38 females) treated in the chronic haemodialysis programme. They investigated the correlations between the body weights before, during and after dialysis, the changes of the water compartments and fat body weight, and the recorded values of blood pressure and ECG alterations. On the basis of the measurements by this non-invasive method it is concluded that, as a result of dialysis and ultrafiltration, the total body weight and total body water are decreasing in a greater extent in men than in women. By gradually decreasing the body weight, the optimal dry weight could be attained, which resulted in the reduction of blood pressure or even normotension. In the course of dialysis the values of bioimpedance and bioreactance increase. The intradialytic hypotensive indispositions were accompanied by a significant reduction of bioreactance (n = 16). The BMI, total body weight and total body water hyperlipidaemic, hypalbuminic patients with treatment-resistant hypertension are considerably larger than those of the patients with normal blood pressure (p<0.01). During Cardio Tens monitoring 53% of the patients proved to be dippers, 47% of whom had ST depression, while in 73% of the non-dippers ischaemic alterations were encountered together with high hyperbaric impact values. The total body weights and total water compartments of patients returning to dialysis with an excess body weight of more than 3.5 kg were significantly larger than of patients who were cooperative and had no oedemas. In the last hour of dialysis and during the following few hours, arrhythmias and ST depressions of the cardiovascularly instable patients appeared more frequently. The total water compartments of these patients are significantly larger than normotensive, normolipaemic patients with appropriate serum albumin concentrations. The importance of the BIA and Cardio Tens monitoring in determining the optimal dry body weight and improving the cardiovascular condition of the patients is emphasized.
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PMID:The importance of bioimpedance (BIA) analysis and Cardio Tens (24-h ABPM and ECG) monitoring in the dialysis programme. 1066 51

There is now some evidence that major depression is accompanied by activation of the inflammatory response system (IRS). Other signs of IRS activation, which have been reported in major depression are lowered serum zinc (Zn) and serum albumin (Alb) concentrations. In serum, Zn is closely bound to Alb. The aims of the present study were to replicate previous findings that major depression is accompanied by lowered serum Zn and Alb and to examine whether the decrease in serum Zn may be explained by that in serum Alb. The above variables were determined in 48 major depressed patients and in 15 age-sex-matched healthy volunteers. Serum Zn and Alb were significantly lower in major depressed patients than in normal volunteers. In healthy volunteers and major depressed patients, there were significant and positive correlations between serum Zn and Alb. We found that 53.8% of the variance in serum Zn could be explained by the combined effects of serum Alb and diagnostic classification. The results suggest that lower serum Zn in depression is in part explained by lowered serum Alb and by another depression-related mechanism. It is suggested that lower serum Zn in depression may be secondary to sequestration of metallothionein in the liver, which may be related to increased production of interleukin-6.
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PMID:Lower serum zinc in major depression in relation to changes in serum acute phase proteins. 1070 76

Active immunization with dopamine conjugated with bovine serum albumin (DA-BSA) or BSA with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) partly suppressed the development of the MPTP-induced depressive syndrome in rats preventing the appearance of "behavioral despair" symptoms: increase in immobility time and higher index of depression in forced-swim test. In DA-BSA-immunized rats the content of DOPA, DA, HVA, NA, and 5-HN in caudate putamen and that of NA in the frontal cortex was increased, while in BSA-immunized rats the content of 5-HT in both brain areas and that of DOPAC in the frontal cortex was decreased both in rats with reduced depressive syndrome and in saline control as compared with intact animals a day after the last drug injection. In DA-BSA-immunized rats with reduced depressive syndrome the increase in DA and 5-HT content in caudate putamen was less expressed and DOPAC content was lower than in saline control. In BSA-immunized depressive rats DA content in the frontal cortex was also reduced as compared to control.
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PMID:[The effect of active immunization with a conjugate of dopamine and bovine serum albumin on the development of an experimental MPTP-induced depressive syndrome and on the monoamine metabolism in the brain of rats]. 1082 48

Metabolic acidosis is a condition that is commonly encountered in both chronic renal failure (CRF) and in end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Known complications and surmised consequences associated with the acidosis of renal disease include bone lesions, depression of myocardial contractility, and growth retardation. Conversely the correction of acidosis in children with renal tubular acidosis improves growth velocity. This is also the case in children with CRF. The conclusion drawn from this study was that the correction of metabolic acidosis improved serum albumin concentrations in patients on hemodialysis and that this correction also induced a decrease in the nPCR.
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PMID:A review of the effects of correction of acidosis on nutrition in dialysis patients. 1092 54

It has been suggested that the routine provision of oral dietary supplements (ODS) in postoperative surgical patients is of benefit in terms of morbidity and length of hospital stay. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of both pre- and postoperative ODS in patients undergoing an elective laparotomy. Patients requiring elective major gastrointestinal surgery were prospectively randomized into one of four groups: Group I received ODS in addition to normal diet both pre- and postoperatively, Group II were given ODS in the preoperative period only, Group III received ODS only in the postoperative period, and Group IV did not receive any supplements. Assessments of nutritional status, voluntary food intake, weight loss, serum albumin, morbidity and mortality, anxiety and depression, and postoperative activity levels were performed, and comparisons made between the groups. One hundred patients were included in the study. The mean daily energy intake from preoperative ODS was 507 +/- 140 kcal, significantly more than the 252 +/- 195 kcal in the postoperative period (P < 0.001). The postoperative voluntary food intake in patients receiving ODS was not significantly different from that in patients receiving normal diet alone (1090 versus 1268 kcal, 46.2 versus 49.1 g protein, P > 0. 05). All groups demonstrated an overall weight loss, with no significant differences between the groups, and there was no demonstrable effect on clinical outcome. At 6 mo postoperatively there were no differences between the study groups in terms of levels of activity. These results suggest that the routine use of perioperative ODS in well-nourished patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery confers no clinical or functional benefit.
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PMID:Oral dietary supplements in pre- and postoperative surgical patients: a prospective and randomized clinical trial. 1130 95

We have studied the effect of treatment with enrofloxacin on local and general clinical signs and chemiluminescence of circulating polymorphonuclear leucocytes during experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis in cows immediately afer parturition. Twelve cows were infected with 10(4) cfu Esch. coli P4:032 into both left quarters. Six cows received an intravenous injection of 5 mg enrofloxacin/kg at 10 h after infection and a second enrofloxacin treatment administered subcutaneously at 30 h post infection. The other six cows were controls that received no treatment. General clinical signs (fever, tachycardia, loss of appetite, reduced rumen motility and depression) were similar in both groups. Local clinical signs, such as swelling, pain and firmness of the inflamed mammary quarters, were less severe in the treated cows. We saw no difference in the appearance of the milk: flecks and watery or purulent milk were observed in both groups. The beneficial effects of treatment with enrofloxacin were mainly on milk production and composition. The decline in milk production and the changes in milk concentrations of lactose, Na+ and bovine serum albumin were less pronounced in the treated cows. Treatment with enrofloxacin accelerated the clearance of bacteria from the infected quarters, but had no effect on the chemiluminescence response of isolated polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The changes in the number of circulating leucocytes and the appearance of immature neutrophils in the circulation of the treated cows indicated possible beneficial effects on migration of neutrophils into the inflamed glands. Higher milk somatic cell counts in the treated cows supported this hypothesis. The results of this study indicated that treating cows that have been experimentally infected with Esch. coli mastitis after parturition with enrofloxacin reduced the severity of the disease, especially the decline in milk production and the changes in milk composition.
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PMID:Treatment of acute Escherichia coli mastitis in cows with enrofloxacin: effect on clinical signs and chemiluminescence of circulating neutrophils. 1113 Oct 63


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