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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) represents an important development in the assessment of psychopathology. We examined the usefulness of the Negative Impression (NIM) scale to detect naive (undergraduates with minimal preparation) and sophisticated (psychology graduate students with 1 week preparation) subjects simulating specific disorders. We found that the NIM cutting score (> 8) was highly effective with feigned schizophrenia, marginally effective with feigned depression, and ineffective with feigned generalized anxiety disorder. Sophistication did not appear to be relevant to successful feigning, although it did allow graduate students to achieve higher clinical elevations in simulating depression.
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PMID:Feigning specific disorders: a study of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). 833 69

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is characterized by the presence of fibrin-rich exudates in the alveoli. Fibrin and its degradation products may play an important role in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that preterm neonates with RDS have depressed alveolar fibrinolytic activity and that those with RDS progressing to BPD have an even greater impairment in alveolar fibrinolysis. Serial tracheal aspirate (TA) samples from intubated neonates--9 control and 46 with RDS--were analyzed for fibrinolytic activity. In neonates with RDS, 26 resolved, 18 progressed to BPD, and 2 died before 28 d. Plasminogen activator (PA) and its inhibitor (PAI) were identified in TA by reverse fibrin autography and immunoblotting. Net PA/plasmin activity in TA was significantly depressed on d 1 of life in patients with self-resolved RDS (median = 20.85 ng/mL, p < 0.05) and RDS progressing to BPD (median = 4.97 ng/mL, p < 0.001) compared with control patients (median = 87.1 ng/mL). In addition, neonates progressing to BPD had significantly lower PA/plasmin activity on day one of life compared with neonates with self-resolved RDS (p < 0.001). ELISA for specific PA and PAI were not significantly different. We speculate that depressed fibrinolytic activity may place preterm neonates at risk for RDS and that the degree of this depression may predict the progression to BPD. In infants < or = 30 wk of gestation at birth with RDS, a PA/plasmin activity < or = 10.0 ng/mL on the 1st d of life had a positive predictive value of 80% (12/15) and a negative predictive value of 82% (9/11) for the progression to BPD.
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PMID:Plasminogen activator activity in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome: relationship to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. 882 92

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF-I and -II) play an active role in cell proliferation. In biological fluids, they are non-covalently bound to high-affinity binding proteins (IGFBPs), at least 6 species of which have been identified to date, but with poorly defined functions. One of these IGFBPs, IGFBP-2, is secreted by most cell lines and appears to be involved in cell proliferation. A human epidermoid carcinoma cell line, KB 3.1, which produces IGFBP-1 and -3 and small amounts of IGFBP-4, but no IGFBP-2, was stably transfected with an expression vector comprising IGFBP-2 complementary DNA (cDNA), whose expression was placed under the control of the constitutive and ubiquitous cytomegalovirus promoter. After an s.c. injection of these IGFBP-2-expressing KB 3.1 cells into nude mice, tumours developed more quickly than in controls, they were 3 to 4 times larger and grew about 3 times as fast. Concomitant with IGFBP-2 expression in these tumours, were a decrease in IGFBP-1 expression and an increase in IGFBP-3 proteolysis, both of which increase the bioavailability of the IGF-II produced by the cells. The increased IGFBP-3 proteolysis most probably resulted from amplified expression of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and depression of its inhibitor (PAI-I) observed in IGFBP-2-expressing xenografts. Our findings suggest that IGFBP-2 plays a role in this model of experimental tumorigenesis via a mechanism that remains unclear, but appears to involve increased protease activity and IGF-II bioavailability.
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PMID:IGFBP-2 expression in a human cell line is associated with increased IGFBP-3 proteolysis, decreased IGFBP-1 expression and increased tumorigenicity. 971 57

This study examined the additive, interaction effects of emotional status with sexual abuse on adult sexual functioning and sexual responsibility. The Golombok Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction (GRISS; Rust & Golombok, 1986), the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991), and a questionnaire regarding sexual experiences, number of unwanted pregnancies, number of unsafe sexual partners, and sexual abuse history, were administered to 200 psychology students. One hundred and forty-three participants were retained in the study. Two-way multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) were conducted for the sexual functioning variables (as measured by the GRISS), while two-way analyses of variance (ANOVA) were conducted for the sexual irresponsibility variables (as measured by the sexual experiences questionnaire). It was found that women who have high anxiety scores on the PAI and have a history of sexual abuse reported higher numbers of unwanted pregnancies, while sexual abuse history was not associated with numbers of unwanted pregnancies for women with lower levels of anxiety. Results were not significant, however, for the sexual functioning variables. In addition, depression and alcoholism did not have interacting effect on the association between sexual abuse history and any of the sexuality variables. These results may suggest that the effects of sexual abuse on adult sexuality may not be as pervasive as was once thought.
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PMID:Interaction effects of emotional status and sexual abuse on adult sexuality. 1069 13

In a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized study we evaluated the effect of ramipril prior to thrombolysis on the course of PAI-1 plasma levels and on the frequency of postinfarct ischemic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Fifty-one out of 99 patients received 2.5 mg ramipril orally prior to thrombolysis and 12 h later. The blood samples for determination of PAI-1 plasma levels were collected on admission and 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after thrombolysis. Postinfarct ischemic events were registered until coronary angiography was performed and defined as recurrent chest pain and/or evidence of ischemic signs on the ECG (ST-depression or ST-segment elevation of 1 mm in one or more inferior or anterior leads). Coronary angiography was performed within 7 days after the onset of myocardial infarction. Patients were classified into two groups: those without reperfusion of the infarct-related artery (TIMI grade 0 or 1) and those with reperfusion of the infarct-related artery (TIMI grade 2.3). On admission, PAI-1 plasma levels were similar in both groups (ramipril: 47.1 [4.8] ng/ml; placebo: 49.1 [4.8] ng/ml). The PAI-1AUC was 77.2 [6.7] ng/ml/h in the ramipril group and 95.4 [6.2] ng/ml/h in the placebo group (p = 0.013). Significant differences between groups were observed at 4, 8 and 12 h after thrombolysis (4 h: 85.5 (11.3) vs. 116 (12.3) ng/ml, p < 0.01; 8 h: 79.1 (11.2) vs. 100.9 (9.3) ng/ml, p < 0.01; 12 hrs: 71.3 (9.5) vs. 87.4 (7.7) ng/ml, p < 0.05). The relative frequency of postinfarct ischemic events was significantly lower in the ramipril group (2.5% versus 7.1%, p = 0.001). Additionally, we observed a significant higher rate of TIMI grade 2 and 3 of the infarct-related artery in patients receiving oral ramipril compared to the placebo group (73% versus 54%; p = 0.035). Our study demonstrates a favorable effect of ramipril on the fibrinolytic system after thrombolysis associated with a lower rate of postinfarct ischemic events within the first days after myocardial infarction. Therefore, the application of ramipril prior to thrombolysis appears to be a reasonable concomitant treatment which may reduce early infarct-related complications.
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PMID:Ramipril prior to thrombolysis attenuates the early increase of PAI-1 in patients with acute myocardial infarction. 1219 84

We evaluated the convergent and discriminant validity of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS; Walters, 1995) in a group of 199 maximum security prisoners. As anticipated, the PICTS Confusion scale correlated with the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) Negative Impression scale, whereas the PICTS Defensiveness scale paralleled the PAI Positive Impression scale. Also as predicted, a greater portion of the PICTS thinking style scales correlated with the PAI Antisocial Features scale than correlated with the PAI Somatic Complaints, Anxiety, Depression, Mania, Paranoia, and Schizophrenia scales. When the PICTS composite scales were converged onto behavioral indexes, modest statistically significant relationships surfaced between the PICTS Reactive scale and a record of disciplinary infractions and between the PICTS Proactive scale and program completion.
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PMID:Construct validity of the psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles in relationship to the PAI, disciplinary adjustment, and program completion. 1590 61

Previous investigations of psychiatric symptomatology after head injury using the MMPI-2 (Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) have consistently revealed greater Basic scale elevations in mild injuries versus more severe injuries. In this study, we tested this pattern of paradoxical severity effects using the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991). We gathered PAI and MMPI-2 data from 34 patients with moderate-to-severe head injuries and from 52 patients with mild head injuries. MMPI-2 Basic scale profiles were consistent with the paradoxical severity effect; mild injury patients had significantly more elevated scores on four Basic scales (Scales 1, 2, 3, and 7). PAI Clinical scale profiles showed significantly more elevated scores among mild injury patients on 2 scales, Somatization and Depression, and more elevated scores among moderate-to-severe patients on 2 scales, Antisocial Features and Alcohol Problems. We consider unique contributions of the PAI for the psychological assessment of head injury.
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PMID:Another look at paradoxical severity effects in head injury with the Personality Assessment Inventory. 1726 16

This study investigated the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-Revised (MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989) and the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI; Morey, 1991) with regard to each instrument's utility for discriminating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) from depression and social phobia in a sample of college students with mixed civilian trauma exposure. Participants were 90 trauma-exposed undergraduates (16 male, 74 female) classified into one of four groups: PTSD, depressive disorders, social phobia, and well-adjusted. For both the PAI and the MMPI-2, profile analysis revealed that the groups differed in the elevation and shape of their profiles. The PAI Traumatic Stress subscale demonstrated good discriminant validity.
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PMID:The utility of the PAI and the MMPI-2 for discriminating PTSD, depression, and social phobia in trauma-exposed college students. 1750 90

Depression is a multidimensional condition encompassing affective, physiological, and cognitive symptoms. Although depression's high comorbidity with both epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (ES and PNES) has been established, few studies have addressed whether the types of depressive symptoms experienced differ by seizure type (ES and PNES). This study compared the self-reported depressive symptomatology of patients (n=60 ES and 59 PNES) who underwent video-EEG monitoring and completed self-reported objective measures of psychopathology (PAI and BDI-II). Differences in depressive symptoms were also compared by gender and among several subgroups with ES. Results revealed the PNES group, particularly PNES females, endorsed a significantly higher level of physiological symptoms of depression as measured by the PAI DEP-P subscale than the ES group; the BDI-II did not differ between groups. These findings have potential clinical implications for the identification and management of depressive symptoms among these patient groups.
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PMID:Differences in self-reported depressive symptoms between patients with epileptic and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. 1954 6

The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical utility of PAI and MMPI-2 validity indicators to detect exaggeration of psychological symptoms. Participants were 49 (75.5% female) Australian university students who completed the MMPI-2 and PAI under one of three conditions: Control [i.e., honest responding (n=20)], Feign Post Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD (n=15)], or Feign Depression (n=14). Participants instructed to feign depression or feign PTSD had significantly higher scores on the majority of MMPI-2 and PAI validity indicators compared with controls. The Meyers Validity Index, the Obvious-Subtle index, and the Response Bias Scale were the most accurate MMPI-2 validity indicators. Diagnostic-specific MMPI-2 validity indicators, such as the Infrequency-PSTD scales and Malingered Depression scale, were not effective at detecting participants instructed to feign those conditions. For the PAI, the most accurate validity indicator was the MAL index; however, the detection rate using this validity indicator was modest at best. The MMPI-2 validity indicators were clearly superior to those on the PAI at identifying feigned versus honest responding in this sample.
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PMID:Comparison of MMPI-2 and PAI validity indicators to detect feigned depression and PTSD symptom reporting. 2020 23


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