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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Children with cancer experience a great deal of anxiety concerning their treatment and invasive tests such as bone marrow aspirations (BMAs) and lumbar punctures (LPs). Responses of pain, fear, and anxiety are well documented and may cause regression, developmental delay, sleeping and eating problems, nausea and vomiting, nightmares, and depression. Diagnostic and treatment procedures need not cause such adverse effects if sufficient pharmacological sedation, analgesia, and anesthesia are used. However, studies show that inappropriate interventions such as underdosing and limited use of medications occur because of certain myths, beliefs, and lack of pharmacological knowledge on the part of health professionals. Studies that specifically address premedication for painful procedures in children with cancer have shown that only a small percentage of children receive premedications and that there is no clear consensus or standard for either drugs or dosages. The issue of premedicating children before procedures remains controversial and deserves further investigation. This study explored the attitudes and perceptions of oncology physicians and nurses concerning medicating children before procedures. Findings showed that most pediatric oncology specialists medicate their patients before invasive procedures and that the most common premedications used are Versed; Demerol, Phenergan, Thorazine; chloral hydrate; Ativan; fentanyl; Demerol; and Xylocaine. Most pediatric oncology specialists believe that premedication is necessary for children for BMAs and LPs.
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PMID:Premedicating children for painful invasive procedures. 149 58

The first part of this article addresses the neuropsychiatric aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in children and adolescents, including developmental delay, depression, and dementia. The specific clinical issues of disclosure of diagnosis and discussion of death with a child are examined. The second part presents aspects of the impact of AIDS on families, approaches to HIV antibody testing, and therapeutic interventions for the family.
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PMID:Psychosocial aspects of AIDS in children and adolescents. 170 86

Between May-October 1989, physicians selected 50 mothers of low socioeconomic and educational background with Down Syndrome (DS) children who attended the Genetic Clinic at the Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children in Madras, India for a study to evaluate their knowledge, attitude, and practices. The study consisted of a preevaluation, education and genetic counseling, and reevaluation at 3 months. Only 18% of the mothers knew that their children had DS. Physicians had diagnosed it at birth in these cases. Most mothers (62%) came to the hospital because they had noticed developmental delay. Most (64%) did not know what caused DS. 36% believed DS occurred due to various prenatal events including poor diet, weakness, injury, abortifacients, abdominal pain, vomiting, and long birth intervals. Family tended to blame the mothers for the child's disability which evoked social and emotional problems. When 52% learned of their children's handicap, they suffered depression. 80% did not know that their children required special care. Once learning this, however, most mothers (88%) wanted either themselves or someone else to care for their children. 96% breast fed their children and weaned them properly. 90% of the children had received immunizations. After genetic counseling and health education, all mothers understood their children's condition. 75% worked with their children at home doing passive exercises and developing their vocabulary. The rearing practices of the DS children were the same as those of the normal children. The mothers learned via the health education and genetic counseling that family planning and amniocentesis could prevent the birth of a DS child. The health education and genetic counseling program improved mothers knowledge, attitude, and practices toward child-rearing practices of DS children. This program can be duplicated among poor and illiterate parents in rural areas.
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PMID:KAP study on mothers of children with Down syndrome. 183 90

At an early age, offspring of parents with affective disorders and long-lasting depression exhibited elevated rates of psychomotor and language delay, behavior problems and a greater need for somatic psychiatric care compared to matched control children (Harjan 1988, I, II, III). The present report analyses the problem of these children regarding psychomotor and language delay (PMLD) seen in a great number of children and somewhat more often in boys compared with those without this handicap. The study shows that children with PMLD of parents with affective disorders and long-lasting depression differ from those without PMLD with respect to early behavior problems, need for child psychiatric care during latency, and they are loaded by more broken homes and longer stay in pediatric wards. The two groups are similar in aspects of low social standing, mean parental age, perinatal risk factors, delayed somatic growth, incidence of psychiatric registrations and rate and nature of somatic disorders. The developmental delay may be a hereditary disturbance either related to affective disorder or to a concomitant factor, or the developmental delay may relate to the adverse environmental situation. It is also obvious that simultaneous parental illness, social breakdown and genetic constitution form a critical multifactoral loading on the child. The high rate of developmental delay among offspring of parents with affective disorders stresses the importance of giving attention to the children of parents with affective disorders and long-lasting depression. The developmental delay per se is an important disorder for early behavior problems and need for child and youth psychiatric care.
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PMID:Developmental delay in offspring of parents with affective disorders and depression: psycho-social sequels or a constitutional state? 248 45

We report a case of methionine synthase deficiency associated with cellular immune deficiency discovered in a 14-year-old boy. Principal findings were: developmental delay, recurrent upper and lower respiratory tract infections, megaloblastic anemia, discovered at 3 months of age, unresponsive to cyanocobalamin and poorly responsive to folinic acid. Biochemical studies showed: an abnormal deoxyuridine suppression test despite normal serum folate, cobalamin and transcobalamin levels; a normal intracellular uptake of these two coenzymes; and an absolute requirement of methionine for fibroblast growth, suggestive of defective methionine synthesis. An absence of methionine synthase activity in the patient's bone marrow and a profound depression of this activity in lymphocytes and liver were found. Hypergammaglobulinemia with variable lymphopenia, depressed lymphocyte transformation after lectin or recall-antigen stimulation, defective delayed-type hypersensitivity and decreased natural killer activity were noted as well. The patient died at the age of 14.
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PMID:Megaloblastic anemia and immune abnormalities in a patient with methionine synthase deficiency. 342 20

The clinical and pathologic findings in 12 patients with medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency and three patients with long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency are summarized. Although these inborn errors of intramitochondrial beta-oxidation of fatty acids present with similar findings to Reye's syndrome, there are clinical, laboratory and hepatic histologic differences. Younger age at presentation, history of unexplained sibling death, a previous episode of lethargy, hypoglycemia or acidosis precipitated by fasting stress and only mildly elevated serum transaminases with normal or only mildly prolonged prothrombin time may all suggest an acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency is differentiated from medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency by younger age at presentation, more profound cardiorespiratory depression, evidence of cardiomyopathy, and sequelae of muscle weakness, hypotonia and developmental delay. Definitive diagnosis is made by assay of medium-chain or long-chain enzyme activity in cultured skin fibroblasts or in leukocytes. Hepatic light microscopic alterations are essentially limited to steatosis, which may be either macro- or microvesicular. The cases with microvesicular steatosis can be differentiated morphologically from Reye's syndrome by electron microscopy, showing the absence of the mitochondrial changes characteristic of Reye's. Four of seven cases of acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency showed some variations from normal in the appearance of the hepatocyte mitochondria. The relationship of these variations to the basic metabolic defect(s) remains to be determined.
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PMID:Medium-chain and long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency: clinical, pathologic and ultrastructural differentiation from Reye's syndrome. 379 3

Mothers and regular intervention home visitors rated temperament characteristics of 39 high risk or developmentally delayed infants (approximately 9 months corrected age). Mothers who reported greater depression rated their infants as less optimal on several temperament dimensions. Similarly, mothers who were single, less educated, or had infants showing greater developmental delay, described their infants' temperament as less satisfactory than did other mothers. These maternal variables also correlated with home visitors' ratings of infant temperament, although the number of significant correlates was fewer. Discrepancies between parent and professional reports were examined. Mothers of infants showing poorer development rated their infants more positively on activity and rhythmicity than did professionals. Higher educated mothers also tended to report higher activity levels for their infants than did the home visitors. Infant activity, as rated by home visitors, is highly correlated with infant's developmental status. Perhaps mothers of poorly developing infants and those with greater education overestimate infant activity because they have relatively greater difficulty accepting the extent of their infants' functional limitations.
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PMID:Factors associated with parents' and professionals' perceptions of infants in an early intervention program. 608 57

Mothers of 46 high risk infants, many of whom were developmentally delayed, were visited in their homes at approximately 9 months post-expected-date-of-delivery. The Perception of Baby Temperament (PBT) scales and the Profile of Mood States were administered and an observation of infant, parent, and parent-infant behavior was made. Infants were most likely to receive higher PBT scores on more than one scale if their mothers were more highly educated and reported lesser degrees of depression and anxiety. Infants who were perceived as more active and approaching by their mothers tended to be rated as more responsive by the observer and to show less developmental delay. Mothers who rated their infants as more active tended to show greater responsiveness to the infant and to participate in reciprocal activities with the infant more frequently during the home visit. These findings demonstrate that mothers' perceptions of high risk/developmentally delayed infant temperament are associated with similar categories of variables found to correlate with maternal perceptions of developmentally normal infant temperament.
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PMID:Maternal and child characteristics associated with mothers' perceptions of their high risk/developmentally delayed infants. 619 7

It is the aim of this article to provide an overview of difficulties in children with poor growth enrolled in an intensive community intervention trial for failure to thrive (FTT). Children were assessed for developmental delay (Bayley test), inadequate diet, iron deficiency, eating and other behavioural problems, and maternal anxiety and depression (HAD Scales). Sixty-three children aged 6 months to 2 1/2 years were studied. The majority of children were from families living in poverty with many from divorced, separated or single families. On developmental testing (Bayley Developmental Scales) 55% were delayed, 27% severely. Seventy-seven per cent had caloric intakes below the expected average requirement (EAR) with 19% reported at less than 50% of requirements. Iron intakes were similarly low and one-third had iron deficiency anaemia on testing. Sixty per cent of children were reported to have eating difficulties, principally in terms of responding negatively to food. Eating difficulties had commonly presented within the first weeks of life. Other behavioural and sleeping difficulties were also common. Children identified as failing to thrive in the community are likely to have associated developmental, dietary and behavioural problems which may not be immediately evident and to an extent which may require intensive multidisciplinary involvement.
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PMID:What do we know about children who fail to thrive? 881 27

A cohort of ordinary Swedish children were followed up from school entry through childhood and adolescence and checked retrospectively from birth to the age of 6 years regarding psychiatric and physical health and contact with the social welfare authorities. The children were allocated to different risk groups at age 7 on the basis of their psycho-physical development expressed as complex reaction time (CRT). It was previously shown that many of the slow CRT children have problems in psychomotor and language development at school, and that many leave compulsory school with poor achievements in Swedish and gymnastics as continuing signs of their developmental delay. This study shows that slow CRT children have an increased prevalence of child psychiatric problems. At an early age there were symptoms of aggression, hyperactivity and withdrawal in conjunction with developmental delay. During adolescence, depression, maladjustment and psycho-somatic disorders were prominent features, often in association with developmental delay, dyslexia and poor motoric skill. These children could have a disadvantage at school and in society and they felt themselves "handicapped" and were stressed by feelings of limited future possibilities. In adolescence, many of them were in need of help, especially financial aid from the social welfare services. The findings stress that a slow cognitive processing ability seen as a slow CRT must be considered a handicap of importance and a risk-factor in the society of today, with primary or secondary psychic and social manifestations often in a multifactorial setting of biological co-morbidity and family problems. In contrast, an advanced CNS development with a fast CRT may be seen as a protective factor.
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PMID:Mental and somatic health and social adjustment in ordinary school children during childhood and adolescence related to central nervous functions as expressed by a complex reaction time. 884 8


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