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Query: UMLS:C0011570 (depression)
 172,036 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eighty-five cases of atypical schizophrenia were compared with 200 of schizophrenia, 100 of bipolar (mania), and 225 of unipolar (depression) affective disorder. Comparisons were made on the basis of sex, age at admission, precipitating factors, outcome, and a family history of schizophrenia or of affective disorder. The atypical schizophrenia differed remarkably from the schizophrenia and most closely resembled the bipolar affective disorder when allowance was made for a younger age at onset and a higher frequency of precipitants. An analysis of symptoms verified the predominance of schizophrenic features in the atypical schizophrenia, but also showed a high percentage (80%) of patients who had one or more manic symptoms at index admission. It is concluded that great care should be taken in diagnosing schizophrenia in a patient who also has manic symptoms.
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PMID:A study of "atypical schizophrenia". Comparison with schizophrenia and affective disorder by sex, age of admission, precipitant, outcome, and family history. 97 Oct 26

The Chair of the University Nervenklinik in Homburg/Saar was held by Klaus Conrad from 1949-58 and by H.-H. Meyer, a former pupil and colleague of Kurt Schneider, from 1962-72. As the catchment area and admission policy of the clinic remained substantially unchanged throughout, comparison of the relative proportions of all admissions allocated to different diagnostic categories in 1949-58 and 1962-72 can be used to elucidate the similarities and differences between Conrad's and Schneider's diagnostic criteria. The results of this comparison indicate that Schneider's concept of schizophrenia was broader than Conrad's, and his concept of manic-depressive depression more restricted. More detailed comparisons are complicated by differences in nomenclature and in the varieties of functional mental illness recognized in the two periods. However, it seems that Conrad's concept of mania was wider only when the atypical schizophrenia-like psychoses diagnosed during the Conrad era were added to the Conrad-oriented cases of mania; when this was not done, the Schneiderian concept of mania was broader.
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PMID:Schneider-oriented versus Conrad-oriented psychiatric diagnosis in the same German clinic. 99 Jun 59

This prospective longitudinal study examined symptoms and adjustment at 2 and 4 years posthospital discharge in Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III) schizophrenia subtypes and in DSM-III schizophreniform disorder. Delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder, anxiety, depression, and specific areas of community adjustment were assessed at each follow-up. RDC acute and subacute schizophrenia and DSM-III schizophreniform disorder were associated with more satisfactory overall adjustment and lower frequencies of psychotic symptoms over time. No significant differences in the course of symptoms or adjustment were found between paranoid and undifferentiated schizophrenia subtypes. Schizophrenia subtyping schemes based on length of illness features appear more prognostically viable than do symptom-based approaches.
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PMID:Early longitudinal course of acute-chronic and paranoid--undifferentiated schizophrenia subtypes and schizophreniform disorder. 175 74

Urinary free-cortisol levels (micrograms per day) were measured by radioimmunoassay at 2-week intervals during the course of hospitalization in the following patient groups: posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); major depressive disorder; bipolar I, manic; paranoid schizophrenia; and undifferentiated schizophrenia. The mean cortisol level during hospitalization was significantly lower in PTSD (33.3 +/- 3.2) than in major depressive disorder (49.6 +/- 5.9), bipolar I, manic (62.7 +/- 6.7), and undifferentiated schizophrenia (50.1 +/- 8.9), but was similar to that in paranoid schizophrenia (37.5 +/- 3.9). The same differences across groups are evident in the first sample following hospital admission. This finding of low, stable cortisol levels in PTSD patients is especially noteworthy, first because of the overt signs of anxiety and depression, which would usually be expected to accompany cortisol elevations, and second because of the concomitant chronic increase in sympathetic nervous system activity shown in prior psychophysiological studies of PTSD and reflected in marked and sustained urinary catecholamine elevations previously reported in our own PTSD sample. The findings suggest a possible role of defensive organization as a basis for the low, constricted cortisol levels in PTSD and paranoid schizophrenic patients. The data also suggest the possible usefulness of hormonal criteria as an adjunct to the clinical diagnosis of PTSD.
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PMID:Urinary free-cortisol levels in posttraumatic stress disorder patients. 395 May 96

Coprophagia or the ingestion of feces, considered to be a variant of pica, has been associated with medical disorders like seizure disorders, cerebral atrophy, and tumors and with psychiatric disorders like mental retardation, alcoholism, depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, fetishes, delirium, and dementia. But entomophagy or the practice of eating live or dead insects as food by humans has only been reported as part of eating habits by some cultures in the world and not in association with any medical or neuropsychiatric disorders. Till date, there is no report in medical literature of entomophagy as an association with any neuropsychiatric or medical illnesses. Coprophagy and entomophagy has not been together reported as well. We describe the first ever case report of a 19-year- old male patient diagnosed with undifferentiated schizophrenia and associated with both entomophagy and coprophagy. His schizophrenic symptoms, the entomophagic, coprophagic behaviors improved with olanzapine therapy. Entomophagy and coprophagy, two very unusual human behaviors, can be seen in association with schizophrenia.
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PMID:Entomophagy and coprophagy in undifferentiated schizophrenia. 2193 94